Dna And Forensics Essay Example For Students

Dna And Forensics Essay What is DNA? DNA (noun) First appeared 1944 : any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity, are localized especially in cell nuclei, and are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate. What is forensics?fo*ren*sic (adjective)First appeared 16591 : belonging to, used in, or suitable to courts of judicature or to public discussion and debate. 2 : ARGUMENTATIVE, RHETORICAL. 3 : relating to or dealing with the application of scientific knowledge to legal problems *~ medicine* *~ science* *~ pathologist* *~ experts*.1 How are the two related?DNA can be used to identify an individual. In relation to forensics, when there is a crime investigation and some proof is needed to back up the suspect DNA is usually the way that scientist deal with the situation. Specialized forensic scientists scan about ten DNA regions that vary from person to person and use the data to create a DNA profile for that individual. This is effective because there is a very small chance that another individual has the same DNA profile in the same set of regions. DNA can be used for many other things besides for committing a suspect. It can also free a person wrongly accused of a crime, identify crime and catastrophe victims ,establish paternity and other family relationships ,detect bacteria and other organisms that may pollute air, water, soil, and food ,and even match organ donors with recipients in transplant programs . How effective is DNA in identifying a person?DNA identification must be used intelligently. When you find a certain thing through DNA at a crime scene that thing alone may not be enough. However if many little things are found then you can connect them all and find what you need. If the first thing you find is found in almost half of the American population that is not very helpful but if you keep on finding more and more things eventually it is narrowed down to one specific person. Once the DNA is found how is it typed up?Only one-tenth of a single percent of DNA makes one person different from the next. Scientists can use these variable regions to create a DNA profile for a person, using samples from hair, blood, bone and other body tissues and products. Generally in criminal cases this involves getting samples from crime-scene evidence and a suspect giving off some DNA, and analyzing it for the presence of a set of specific DNA regions. Scientists find the markers in a DNA sample by designing small pieces of DNA called probes that will each seek out and tie to a complementary DNA sequence in the sample. A series of probes tied to a DNA sample creates a unique pattern for an individual. Forensic scientists compare these DNA profiles to the suspect’s sample to see if the suspects sample matches the evidence sample. If two samples are alike at four or five regions, most probably the suspect contributed his DNA to the crime-scene evidence, though there is a slim chance that someone else has the same DNA profile for a particular probe set. The question is how small of a chance must there be when convicting the guilty or the vindication of the innocent lies in the balance? The judges often let the jury decode based on this and other evidence involved in the case. Experts say that using DNA forensic technology is better then eyewitness accounts. Sources of DNA for testingBlood –Once bloodstains are found an analysis can most probably be made. But it depends on the surface or substrate on which it is found. If the blood is found on glass, metal, hard plastics or lightweight cloth it is easy to extract the blood and analyze it. If found on other dense and heavily colored fibers a few additional steps are required. Soil and concrete are almost impossible substances and surfaces because it is so hard to extract the blood from them. From the blood it can be figured out if the bloodstain is from a male or female. It can also tell us how many people it involved for a DNA profile of two people is far more complex then a DNA profile for one person. Specimens that are drawn from the victims or suspects are called known exemplars. They usually consist of liquid blood. The best storage for blood is frozen. Buccal or the inside of your cheek can also be supplied as exemplars. For people who cannot have blood drawn for any particul ar reason it is used instead of blood. Semen- Semen stains are the most common evidence to be submitted for DNA analysis. Sperm cells and non-sperm cells can, as well as blood, be separated. Tissues –Isolation of DNA from tissues is a simple straightforward process. Usually, soft tissues received in the laboratory are from partially decomposed bodies. DNA last shorter in liver and kidney, longer in muscle and brain and even longer in dense bone and teeth. Sometimes DNA can be drawn from a bullet or weapon used to injure the brain or any other tissue. If a body is not recovered and only bits of tissue are then they can be used and compared with surviving family members. .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 , .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .postImageUrl , .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 , .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792:hover , .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792:visited , .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792:active { border:0!important; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792:active , .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792 .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u56160f765e45c5e933dbf01755888792:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Smoke Free Restaurants EssayChemically Treated Tissues-There are two common chemical treatments, formaldehyde for medical purposes and embalming. DNA can be drawn from both tissues. Even bodies that have been buried for several years can give results. Hair Roots- The sufficient amount of hair needed for analysis is one to five hair roots. Shed hairs contain only traces of DNA and are generally not suitable for testing in forensic use. A highly specialized method known as mitochondrial sequencing is starting to be used more and more. Saliva- DNA can be taken from saliva deposited on almost everything. Envelope flaps or stamps, as was done in the New York World Trade Center bombings. It can also be drawn from cigarette butts, cups, bottles, telephone mouthpieces and bite marks found at crime scenes. Urine –DNA sampling from urine is not very common. Since healthy individuals do not shed nucleated cells into urine. Conventional testing is more likely to give results and is used to test for drug use. Products of Conception- When a teenaged girl has been impregnated by a relative or other adults the non-living product must be analyzed. As well as in a rape or anything resulting in pregnancy. How did the forensic use of DNA start?Alec Jeffreys , a geneticist at the University of Leicester in Britains Midlands, started forensic use of DNA. He invented the techniques that took human identification from the laboratory to the courtroom in 1984. He called the process â€Å"DNA fingerprinting† which is not used by most forensic scientists because it can be misleading. He applied his techniques to an immigration case. A boy from Ghana wanted to emigrate to Britain, claiming his mother was already a resident. A DNA analysis showed that the two were in fact related and the Home Office put its stamp of approval on the new technology. Science Essays

Evaluation Argument Hills Like White Elephants free essay sample

A white elephant is an idiom for a valuable but burdensome possession, but also it means a rare and sacred creature. In Ernest Hemingway’s short story Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses an unborn child as a white elephant. This short story depicts a couple of an American man and young women at a train station somewhere in Spain. Hemingway tells the story from watching the couple from across the bar and listening to their troublesome conversation. Through overhearing the couple’s conversation Hemingway uses dialogue to explain the couple’s decision of an abortion operation. Hills Like White Elephants is a great example of Hemingway’s rare use of dialogue. Hemingway compresses dialogue in his stories by removing authorial guidance, forcing readers to interpret for themselves shades of meaning (Del Gizzo, Moddelmog 175). In the short story Hemingway also uses the setting to help the reader understand what the man and woman are feeling and thinking as they await their train. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation Argument Hills Like White Elephants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By providing details of the hills, bar, and landscape the reader can better understand the emotions and situation the couple are experiencing. The way that Hemingway creates the characters is a very interesting way because he lets the reader make their own opinions about the characters through their actions and words. In Hills Like White Elephants Hemingway uses compressed dialogue to let the reader interpret the story themselves while also using the setting and characters to help show the situation that the story portrays. The dialogue Hemingway uses in Hills Like White Elephants is a unique style. The story uses a lot of repetition and the story is nearly all dialogue between the couple. Hemingway is known to do this in his works which allows the reader to interpret the story in a way that they see it. The couple is constantly talking in short repetitive remarks sharing their opinion on the operation the woman is deciding to have. The story repeats the term or variations of the word â€Å"afterward† many times because the reason for the operation is so that the couple will be fine or happy after the operation is over. Also, the phrase â€Å"white elephant† is repeated several times which reminds the reader that the two individuals view white elephant of different meanings. White elephant can be used to describe something as a rare and sacred creature or a possession that is valuable but burdensome. As Hemingway likes to force his readers to make their own interpretations, white elephant can be interpreted many ways. The unborn baby can be thought to be the white elephant and the man seems to view it as a burden while the woman thinks of it as a sacred creature. The man’s dialogue portrays it is a burden because he says that the baby is the only thing that bothers them, and he also says that they can have everything if the woman has the operation. The woman’s dialogue seems to reveal that disagrees with the man’s decision because in the last line of the story she says that she is fine and nothing is wrong with her. Some suggest that the man himself is the white elephant (Link 68). People may think the man is the white elephant because the woman is willing to have this operation to keep him happy but at the same time he is willing to get rid of their unborn child. This different idea of who could be the white elephant and how each character feels about the operation is a distinct example of how Hemingway’s dialogue use forces the reader to use their imagination and own thoughts to interpret his writings. Hemingway uses dialogue through the characters to portray the setting of Hills Like White Elephants. The story mentions several objects and landscapes to help the reader understand the story. The hills that look like white elephants to woman have a somewhat clear meaning since the point of the story is the white elephant of the situation. However, things such as the train station, bar, bead curtain, table, trees, river, and others help show the situation the couple are experiencing. The landscape around the station plays a huge role in the setting. On one side it is dry with no tree, no shade, and long white hills; the other side had fields of grain, trees, and a river. At one point in the story the girl walks to the side full of life with the trees and river, but the man tells her to come back and not to think that way. This could mean that she wanted to keep the baby after seeing the beautiful landscape full of life while the man did not want her to think like that. While sitting at the bar the couple orders several drinks in a short period of time which could infer that the man has persuaded the woman to have the operation because if she planned on having the baby she probably would not drink alcohol. Therefore, the drinks have helped set the setting by showing how the couple will probably handle the situation of contemplating whether to have the surgery or not. Settings play a huge role in any story but in Hills Like White Elephants the setting can be interpreted many ways which Hemingway most likely wanted for the reader. Nearly any story has characters which are revealed through direct explanations by the author Hemingway uses several ways of revealing the characters in Hills Like White Elephants. In the story the two in the couple are clearly the main characters but the reader learns about the character through their dialogue and actions. The position of the man and woman on the decision of having the operation are clear but more about the two are revealed throughout the story. While sitting at the bar the woman asks about a sign on the bead curtain, and the man is able to tell her that it is a drink which might signify that the man could be more educated or has more experience in the world. Towards the arrival of the train the woman gives the bartender a smile and shows her gratitude. This shows that the woman is polite and is thankful for the service which helps us understand that she is good hearted and that might be why she does not want to have the operation. In this short story hidden details can be interpreted in many ways, but being able to see them helps reveal characters when the author does not directly introduce them. Hemingway is arguably one of the greatest authors of all time and Hills Like White Elephants shows his ability to combine the genres fiction and drama (Del Gizzo, Moddelmog 175). This short story is an amazing piece of work that has many of Hemingway’s gifted abilities as a writer. Hemingway is able to use a strange form of dialogue to portray a very big decision for a young couple and is able to do it from the point of view of a stranger across the bar. The dialogue Hemingway uses is short and repetitive which lets the reader interpret and make analysis of their own while reading the story. Also, Hemingway’s style of writing depicts a very complicated setting which some say could have several meanings and importance. The setting helps the reader make more assumptions about the story and helps give detail or the situation. Though there are few characters in this story they are revealed through their dialogue and actions which allows the reader to make their own decisions about the characters. Hills Like White Elephants is a short but outstanding work of art thanks to Hemingway’s overall ability to make a simple story have so much meaning.

Evaluate human resource issues in Hong Kong Food and Environmental Hygiene Department

Internet Regulations essays

Internet Regulations essays Internet is the most used tools for research nowadays, it is the haighway of informations which connects and communicates the world in seconds, it is a place in which you can fin every kind of information of almost any topic that you are interested in, even tough I realize that internet is an invaluable tool, i believe that some regulations should be made in order to make it a safer place for every people who surfs on the web. A big issue that has been on the news lately is the children pornography, children pornography is a reality on the web and some acti9on must be taken in order to protect our kids from the inherent danger that a place without laws can be. Every internet user has seen the so called "pop-up" windows; these windows are, most of the time, not requested, for example, in 10 websites I found 6 "pop-up" windows. While many of those windows are just marketing or adds, there are also some pornographic adds, which are opened without your consent, the webpages wich i visited are aimed to the general public, and not to a particular audience, these pages can be viewed by anyone with access to the net, and these users includes children. Is for this reason that i believe that there should be some regulations on the internet, I am not saying that every webpage should be blocked, but that the web pages that are displayed should not contain morally wrond content, I believe that some regulations cound en with this problem and our society, particularly our kids, would be safer while surfing the net. ...

The Theme of Dedication in the Movie Chariots of Fire Essay

The Theme of Dedication in the Movie Chariots of Fire - Essay Example This is because it involves the making of significant sacrifices, crucial decisions and options. It additionally involves the taking of several bold, courageous and unusual steps. At times, the choices may be tough if two vital options are involved. It is such choices that may lead to criticisms and discouragements from others. In this case, dedication plays an essential role in giving an individual the will to continue while bearing in mind the benefits of his or her activities. Ultimately the fruits of the action of dedicated people are shown from the impact they create in the society as well as the reputation they present to the society. Dedication and Perseverance in â€Å"Chariot of Fire† The main theme brought out in this movie is that of dedication and commitment. This is shown in the events and results of the races in which Abraham and Liddell participated. It is revealed that for an individual to have this strong drive of dedication there is an underlying reason. This is considered the main element that makes him strong in the implementation of his actions. Abraham notices a high level of anti Semitism among the staff and students at the University of Cambridge. He is convinced that he can take part in an activity that will prove the ability of Jews to succeed and thus eliminate prejudice (Bradshaw par. 1). It is one of the actions that he uses to cover their prejudice and superior feeling by ignoring their criticisms. Liddell, on the other hand, gains enjoyment from serving God as a son of missionary parents. In spite of his sister; Jennie’s disapproval, he is convinced that, through his participation in competitive running, he will get a chance to glorify God (Ben, Charleson and Havers). This is before he goes for missionary work in China. As such, his main dedication is in the overall service of God in different fields. In addition, the action in which someone is to be dedicated should elicit the feeling of enjoyment. Despite the preju dice Abraham enjoys taking part in the Gilbert and Sullivan club. As such, dedication id brought about by various motivational factors. They include the numerous wins and victories that Abrahams gets within the college and in other national competition (Bradley, 576). These include the first time historical win at the Great Court run. It is these activities that give him the confidence of a greater win. It is from this that he attains the dedication to run in the effort to fight prejudice. In â€Å"Chariots of Fire† dedication is detected to be made stronger by the faced obstacles. During the 400 meter race, Liddell is tripped by a Frenchman. He is like Abraham, equally motivated by his performance, and recovers the distance to his win (Ben, Charleson and Havers). This opinion is especially influenced by their convictions to take part in the race. Nonetheless, the main difference between the intended purposes of the Jew and Christian in running activities also reveals this. W hile the Scottish Eric Liddell does it in order to glorify God, the Jewish Harold Abraham runs to escape from prejudice. The desire to achieve these purposes in the race prevents them from being discouraged and instead provides them with the strength to pursue their goals towards success. They thus possess a powerful will despite their different religious and racial affiliations. Ben, Charleson, and Havers use it to show that dedication in the same field surpasses the differences in different aspects.

Alex Ovechkin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alex Ovechkin - Research Paper Example Like most hockey players, Ovechkin found his love for the game at a very young age.   He was two years old when he first picked up a hockey stick  in Moscow department store. Whenever he saw a game on television he would drop what he was doing and not allow his parents to change the channel. He soon became obsessed with hockey and rarely missed a televised game. He was yearning to soak up every ounce of knowledge he could. His parents say they knew he would be an athlete when Alexander chose to run up the steps to their apartment rather than take the elevator. He began playing hockey at the age of 7, having been introduced to it formally by his older brother Sergei. In 1992, he started playing for Dynamo youth team. Unfortunately, most of the other players on his team had already been playing hockey for some time. Alex was especially concerned when the coach asked the team members to skate backward figure eights. He was not familiar with how to skate backward at all. But, his coa ch still noticed his enormous talent. During this time, Alex’s favorite team was Moscow Dynamo. His hero was Alexander Maltsev, the club ’s greatest star. Maltsev retired a year before Alex was born, but through stories and TV highlights, the boy decided that Matsev was his man. At one point, his parents were no longer able to get Alex to hockey so Sergei stepped in and made sure that he could get his little brother wherever he needed to go.   He was one of the first to notice the talent in Alex, and he wanted to be sure he was able to use it. Unfortunately, years later an event would happen that would change Ovechkin’s life forever.   His older brother Sergei, in his early 20?s at the time,  was tragically killed in a car accident.   To this day Ovechkin still credits his brother for introducing him to and pushing him to continue playing hockey.   Many say his passion for the game comes from this tragic event and to this day, when he scores, Alex will often kiss his glove and point to the sky in a salute to his brother. As Alex moved up the ranks of Moscow Dynamo’s competitive youth hockey program, he began to draw attention with his powerful skating and quick, accurate wrist shot. He was a hard worker and though very offensive-minded, he was a devoted team player. Alex could raise spirits with a goal, a pep talk or a good back-check. He had that extra dimension as a person and was a player who was clearly the product of a terrific sports family. Before becoming a professional, Ovechkin was already making a name for himself in the Dynamo Moscow  system when at 11 years old he broke Pavel Bure’s record of 53 goals by scoring 56 of his own. He began his professional hockey career at the age of 16 for Russian hockey power Dynamo Moscow  during the 2001-02 season.   By the time he was 18, he won the  Russian Superleague award for the best left-wing  in the league for the 2003-04 season and was the youngest pl ayer ever to lead Dynamo Moscow in scoring. This was his breakthrough. He netted 23 points in 53 games and was voted the Superleague’s top left wing. At first glance, his stats did not seem to warrant superstar talk, but this perspective soon changed. Comparisons to Ilya Kovalchuk, the Russian star drafted first overall by the Atlanta Thrashers in 2001, were inevitable. The two were indeed similar players, although Alex was a bit more of an end-to-end performer. Kovalchuk, by contrast, was never known for his

Assessment Three Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assessment Three - Case Study Example On Mar 19, Del was also able to enter a large contract to install tracking for a building society. On March 29, Del found out through phone inquiry that Boyse was not able to finish the van modification. Boyse promised to deliver by March 30, although reluctant. After the van was delivered and Boyse have left, Del found out that the front seat would not tip forward to allow access to the passenger seat. Likewise, the name printed on the side of the band read "Trickers" and not "Trackers." In the process of delivering the van without the modifications specified, Boyse already committed a grave mistake towards his customer. And the fact that Del, the customer was compromised to loss or acquire damages due to the negligence of Boyse all the more added weight to Boyse's failure to deliver as promised or agreed upon. In common law jurisdictions under contract law, misrepresentation are the false statement of fact made by one party that effect to induce another party into the contract. This is with the premise that three elements are necessarily established under the contract. Contract in this context is a legally binding exchange or agreement between parties that the law will enforce based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda1. These elements are: offer and acceptance, consideration and intention to create legal relations. In the Offer and Acceptance In the case of Boyse and Del, Boyse made an offer to modify the van he was selling and the offer was accepted that is why there was a sale. The offer of modification include adjustment or removal of the passenger seat in its original location, adjustment of the passenger seat behind the driver's seat, and modification of the driver's seat which is to make it tip forward to allow access to the passenger seat. Another offer was to print the sides of the van with a specified name which was "Tracker". The last offer of course, was the delivery of the van on March 30. Nevertheless, basing on the case of Gordon v Selico (1986) 18 HLR 219 it is possible to make a misrepresentation either by words or by conduct, yet not everything said or done constitute a misrepresentation. In many cases, statements of opinion or intention are not statements of fact in the context of misrepresentation2. In the case of Boyse and Del, Boyse seem to have committed negligent misrepresentation, the following applies from the Misrepresentation Act 1967 under damages for misrepresentation: "(1) Where a person has entered into a contract after a misrepresentation has been made to him by another party thereto and as a result thereof he has suffered loss, then, if the person making the misrepresentation would be liable to damages in respect thereof had the misrepresentation been made fraudulently, that person shall be so liable notwithstanding that the misrepresentation was not made fraudulently, unless he proves that he had reasonable ground to believe and did believe up to the time the contract was made that the facts represented were true. (2) Where a person has entered into a contract after a misrepresentation has been made to him otherwise than fraudulently, and he would be entitled, by reason of the misrepresentation, to rescind the contract, then, if it is claimed, in any proceedings arising out of the contract, that the contract ought to be or has