Women's Rights in India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women's Rights in India - Research Paper Example Some held positions of seers and sages. However, there were practices that undermined women rights, for example, forceful immolation of a widow on her husband’s funeral and Purdah which imposed restrictions on women. It required women to cover themselves excessively hence they could not interact freely. In Devadasis, where women were â€Å"married’ to the temple or a deity, cases of sexual exploitation were reported (Menon-Sen and Kumar 113). According to Kashyap (115), women are currently holding positions as the president, the speaker, prime minister and opposition leader among other positions. According to the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, a third (33%) of the political sits in all locally elected bodies is reserved for women. Panchayat Raj institutions have produced more than a million women who have joined politics. The percentage of women active in various levels of politics has notably increased. Women from scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs) Institutions have secured 65% and 54% sits respectively, an excess to the allocated 33%. A better representation of women increases the chances of their issues being highlighted. However, women still experience representation in decision-making and governance. Male dominion in politics is still present. Whenever women make initiatives, these initiatives are not accepted in politics. Democracy is the best tool for protecting human rights. Such political subordination has undermined efforts towards the realisation of full human rights by women in the India (Sood 32). Women in India have been allowed to participate in education, science and technology. This has enabled them to find their way into top government and leadership positions. They also work in other sectors within the country and abroad. The government has taken steps to ensure an improvement of women education since

Comparisons of war poems Essay Example for Free

Comparisons of war poems Essay In exploring the portrayal of war in the poetry of Wilfred Owen and Shakespeare one can see the contrasting attitudes and realities of war. In before Agincourt set in 1415 composed by Shakespeare, he portrays the glory and honour in war, whilst Anthem for doomed youth composed by Wilford Own set in 1914 is expressing the meaningless and realistic thoughts of view. In the first stanza which Shakespeare has composed in the poem before Agincourt. He uses manipulating concepts that convey the message that war is a great adventure and that you should die for your country. Whilst Anthem for Doomed youth is doing the exact opposite and tries to convince the reader that war is a horrific ordeal. As the two poems where written in an interval of five hundred years it shows us very clearly the different point of few people had in their perspective time about war. Before Agincourt is a very patriotic and heroic poem. In the first stanza Shakespeare uses a courageous tone. He uses emotional adjectives and verbs to make the reader feel the same as he does. He also uses a lot of positive nouns to create this affect e.g. greater share of honour Gods will. There is not much alliteration or any form of onomatopoeia in the first stanza. The second stanza uses a lot of emphasised words and longer pauses before the next line he also uses repetition of words starting with M. In the last stanza of the poem he does not use any assonance, onomatopoeia and alliteration technics to emphasize his poem. He only uses strong punctuation and pauses to create a very positive approach on war. This poem could be used as a propaganda device. Anthem for Doomed Youth composed by Wilford Owen. In the title of this poem Wilford is expressing that war is negative. Doom is a simile to convey inevitability of death, Doom also uses assonance with the double Os. It has an affect of being scary and threatening. The first stanza uses repetition to add rhythm and onomatopoeias to create a more realistic approach on war. The second stanza uses a lot of repetition and emphasised words. e.g. No mockeries, no prayers nor bells. No mockeries is implying no more joy and that they cant be mocked any more because they have perished. The No is also emphasised to give the poem more rhythm. No prayers nor bells. Is repetition, it also has a sad motive. The tone goes up to give the poem more negativity and sadness by elongating some words. The third stanza uses a rhetorical question to start off with. The mood is a lot softer. This is created by the poet using a softer tone to shorten the Ss, Ps and Rs. He uses repetition to try and enhances the readers sadness and visual imagery. There are also a lot of similes and metaphors used. E.g. pallor, paleness, brows, forehead. In the last stanza there is a vast amount of imagery of death. There is an ethical custom to conclude his poem. Drawing down of blind this is what people at home did when a close relative died. Comparing these two poems reveals that Shakespeares before Agincourt uses a lot less alliteration and repetition making the poem more joyful and honourable for war. In conclusion Shakespeare is totally glorifying war while Wilford more realistically looking at war as a horrifying killer concept. Style wise I prefer Shakespeare poem having a nice ring to its rhythm but the content of his poem is out dated and modern man would find it hard to agree with his idealistic point of views. Personally I can understand Wilfords Owens point of view better then Shakespears. War is a horrifying non justifiable matter and should not be promoted.

Flagstaff :: Colleges Arizona Education Essays

Flagstaff Flagstaff is a small college town in Northern Arizona, with a population of around 55,000. The city is at an elevation of 7,000 feet and is surrounded by ponderosa pines. The ponderosa pines up here are the largest continuous body of ponderosas in the world. The summers are quite nice with temperatures only reaching the 80’s and with winter temperatures in the 40’s. Northern Arizona University is also located in Flagstaff with a college population of 15,000. Flagstaff is great for outdoor activities, many lakes and streams are close by along with many hiking trails. Flagstaff has all four seasons and is ideal in the winter for skiers and snowboarders. The two years that I have lived in Flagstaff have been really fun. The seasons up here along with all the wildlife make hunting and fishing very plentiful. This is one of the main reasons why I decided to go to NAU, also due to the small town atmosphere along with outdoor activities which were very close by. There are many jeep trails and off road trails to explore all around town. Flagstaff also has an urban trail system that runs through the whole town. This is for people who love to walk and bike ride or who just love to be outside this makes a nice friendly type atmosphere for people. Just outside the city limits are the San Francisco Peaks which rise above 12,000 feet, the aspen trees in the background give a unique experience while hiking or snowboarding in the winter time. The peaks also have a ski resort called Arizona snow bowl, which is the oldest ski resort in Arizona and it also has one of the steepest drops in the state which makes for some difficult runs toward the top of the mountain. When I first moved up to Flagstaff in 2002 the city was not new to me, I had visited many times before with my brother and I knew I wanted to go to college here. I also loved the cool weather along with the heavy snows in the winter. Along with hunting and fishing and the whole outdoors thing I loved to play sports so I rushed some of the fraternities and found one the fit me very well. Intramural sports up here are also a real challenge; after you triumph over all of the fraternities you can move on to all campus, then you can really show what your team is made of.

Academic Qualification Ensures Success in Life Essay

The definition of success differs from person to person and field to field. One could take economic success as a touchstone to label a person successful in life, ignoring his of her other failures, like divorce, health, inefficiency, etc. Others may look at a capacity for overcoming challenges, irrespective of what someone earns and the nature of their private life. So who is a successful person and who is a failure? Do school and college grades and examination results provide a way of predicting or ensuring future success? If that is true, then we should encourage as many young people as possible to go to university and work hard to gain formal qualifications. But is it true? Aren’t some college drop-outs like Bill Gates and Richard Branson hugely successful icons of success? And should we automatically consider the millions of young people who have not had the opportunity to gain academic certificates to be failures in life? Success never depends upon grades. If success and opportunities were measured by grades then the corporate world and potential marriage partners would not ask for biodata in resumes, where other qualifications are also mentioned. Nor would they interview the prospects in order to find out what they are like as people, rather they would give a blind appointment to the people with the best paper qualifications. So qualifications alone are never enough, success depends upon physical characteristics, personality, and a willingness to work hard. Success is not getting a grade or a degree, if that was it then why aren’t all the graduates from Harvard, Oxford or Cambridge uniformly successful? The rule of success is hard work and destiny of course. If a student of engineering gets good grades but he is not practically effective in relationship-buildings and solving crises or proper planning, even though he may be successful in getting a job but it will not lead him far. On the way he is sure to fade out. If you look into a directory of successful people who are doctors, engineers and IT professionals, then you will notice that many of them dream to be employed by people like Bill Gates or Richard Branson, who are prosperous despite not having college degrees. In other words, prosperity does not depend upon academic qualifications but upon opportunities provided by entrepreneurs who may not be necessarily be highly educated. Successful entrepreneurs even benefit from not having academic qualifications, because going to college and taking examinations forces people to learn and think like millions of other graduates. This actually makes it less likely that they will come up with the truly mould-breaking insights and â€Å"disruptive† ideas on which successful innovations and new business models are built. Unfortunately the materialistic world has changed the concept of success. It has become a rat-race where every student chases grades and therefore the entire perception of success and prosperity has changed. Rather than studying to reach our full potential, we do it because we think it is necessary for a successful career. So we spend ten years in school and a few more years of our precious life in college to get educated, then more time is passed in hunting for jobs. Even after that we may find ourselves in the wrong profession and lacking job satisfaction. And then recession comes along, when we are told that our wealth has been blown away by the foolishness of expensive fat-salaried CEOs. Now comes a time when we go to work with a constant fear of losing the job we don’t enjoy. Is this the correct understanding of prosperity? So now the definition of success is changed. If you are able to save your job then you are successful! Can academic qualification stop us from becoming a civilization of drunkards, rapists and war-mongers, marked by broken families, domestic violence and crime? If you look at countries where the largest number of people have higher academic qualifications, they are the ones most affected by social breakdown. And would you call the conduct of the US wars on Iraq and Afghanistan a successful example of the superiority of the US economy and society? In fact true success is shown in having the moral courage to speak out against atrocities and injustice, showing generosity towards the poor, and respecting our parents. These are characteristics which are found in people from all social and educational backgrounds, but often absent in many educated Americans and Europeans, in spite of the universities they have been to and the grades they have achieved. Often academic qualifications have no real relevance to the jobs graduates are employed to do. A few decades ago employers in areas such as banking, engineering, management and government service recruited people straight from school at the age of 15 or 16, training them on the job and promoting them to higher levels of responsibility according to their ability. Today none of these jobs has changed very much, but all now require applicants have a university degree. Why has this changed? One reason is that the upper and middle classes are trying to protect their own jobs – demanding new recruits have expensive academic qualifications excludes many talented young people from poorer backgrounds.

The Life of a Crime Scene Investigator

The Life of a Crime Scene Investigator Isabella McCarty Williams Everest University Online (Orlando Campus) The Life of a Crime Scene Investigator The career I have chosen is a Crime Scene Investigator known as a CSI. In this research paper we will discuss the job details, salary, and the guidelines on collecting evidence. It is important that I cover these things to explain the importance of this career. Hope you enjoy the mind-bending information provided. Hi everyone, I am studying to be a Crime Scene Investigator (a. k. a. CSI).When working in the criminal investigation field, there are certain things you must know or learn. It takes years of training and schooling to be a CSI when you think you are done, your wrong. CSI’s are constantly going back to school and going through more training just to keep their license. That’s enough about that right now. I wish you luck for you are in a world full of surprises! We will first be discussing the job details of a Crime Sc ene Investigator. A CSI works in an office of their job assignment Monday-Friday from 8:30am-4:30pm for 8 hours of fun and exciting tasks.What I found to be interesting was a CSI must â€Å"successfully complete a minimum of 720 hours of training in crime scene processing, with a minimum of 80 hours of training in latent fingerprint processing, 40 hours in major death investigation, 40 hours in advanced death investigations, 40 hours in photography, 40 hours in blood spatter interpretation, and other training courses in arson investigation and forensic pathology. In addition, the crime scene investigator must be certified by the International Association for Identification, Crime Scene Certification Board, within 18 months as a crime scene investigator. (N. A. , Crime Scene Investigator Job Details, N. A. ) Also as a CSI you must obtain contact with the law enforcement officials at all levels, state and federal prosecutors, county coroners, medical examiners and pathologists in per son or by telephone, on a professional basis. This is a great way to stay on top of the crimes and promiscuous things going on in the forensic field. These are the job details of a CSI, it is not easy becoming or staying licensed as you can tell from the previous information listed above. Next we will be talking about the salary of a Crime Scene Investigator.CSI salary is within the range of $37,960 to $99,980 a year. Out of the many industries where CSI's can be employed, the local government ranks the highest when it comes to providing jobs to crime scene investigators. The Bureau of Labor and Statistics says that â€Å"detectives and criminal investigators in the District of Columbia earns the highest wages; having an annual mean wage of $94,620, and an hourly mean wage of $45. 49. † (N. A. , Crime Scene Investigator Salary, 2012) As you can see Crime Scene Investigators get a decent pay, but most of the money they receive goes to schooling and surviving.The salary of a CS I is immaculate and definitely worth the time and effort put forth. Lastly, we will look at the guidelines for collecting evidence. When collecting evidence the guidelines are strict, they are strict because in some cases if you don’t follow them you could lose all the evidence you have. Also when taking pictures of evidence at night you have to â€Å"make sure you adjust your camera’s position, time of exposure, and supplemental lighting so the camera can â€Å"see† what you see. † (N. A. , Crime Scene Resources, 2000-2012) Another interesting fact from this website is there are over 200 ways to collect and process a finger print.When collecting evidence you cannot make any mistakes. If you make one mistake that could be someone’s entire life in your hands. In this essay we have reviewed the Crime Scene Investigators job details, salary, and the guidelines for collecting evidence. In conclusion, it takes a lot to become a good CSI it comes with ex cellent pay and great skills and knowledge. I suggest if you want to go into this field be ready to have a continuous line of schooling and be ready to face new obstacles every day.I thank you for taking the time out to read this essay and hope you have learned and found this field as interesting as I have. References N. A. (2000-2012) Become a forensic investigator. Retrieved from http://http://www. crime-scene-investigator. net/ N. A. (2012) A crime scene investigator’s salary. Retrieved from http://www. criminaljusticeschoolinfo. com/crime-scene-investigator-salary. html N. A. (N. D. ) A crime scene investigator’s job details. Retrieved from http://www. feinc. net/csi-desc. html

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Essays

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Essays Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Essay Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Essay Understanding household force in the armed forces is an of import concern because of the alone emphasiss faced by military households on a day-to-day footing that could put them at greater hazard for household disfunction. Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can make a nerve-racking life style for military households. In the mid to late 1990s advocators and militants, were able to carry policy shapers that domestic force constituted a societal job specifically for the military. American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military forces to states around the universe, supplying military mans chances to run into and socialise with local adult females. Immigrant position keeps many adult females from seeking aid or go forthing the opprobrious relationship, fearing they ca nt inquire for aid and exile. The military mans tried to forestall their immigrant married womans from deriving independency or go forthing the matrimony. The armed forces s attack to forest all, place and step in with domestic force relies to a great extent on the Family Advocacy Program ( FAP ) . Introduction Family force may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall emphasis degrees associated with the military life style ( e.g. , frequent separations, long work hours, unsafe work environment, etc. ) . Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can make a nerve-racking life style for military households. Surveies have proven long deployments increase the opportunities of returning with combat injury, as a consequence heightens the hazard of domestic force ( Rentz et al. , 2006 ) . Understanding household force in the armed forces is an of import concern because of the alone emphasiss faced by military households on a day-to-day footing that could put them at greater hazard for household disfunction. Members of the armed forces are frequently required to relocate to another metropolis, province, or state, frequently ensuing in a break to household life. They besides tend to work long hours and are capable to drawn-out separations in the signifier of schooling, impermanent assignments, or deployment, all of which may interfere with household duties ( Alvarez A ; Sontiag, 2008 ) . Domestic Violence in the Military: The History The Department of Defense has taken a clear stance against household force. In 1981, Department of Defense Directive 6400.1 required each subdivision of military service ( Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps ) to set up ( a ) a Family Advocacy Program to forestall and handle child ill-treatment and partner maltreatment and ( B ) a confidential cardinal register to roll up and analyse Family Advocacy Program informations ( Department of Defense, 2004 ) . It is ill-defined whether or non household force would be more common among military households than among civilian households. Family force may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall emphasis degrees associated with the military life style ( e.g. , frequent separations, long work hours, unsafe work environment, etc. ) . Soldiers are capable to deployments and resettlements that can frequently take to a separation from equals and community support webs. Frequent and extended separations may hold a profound impact on matrimonies, peculiarly those of short continuance, because they present a window of chance for the partner left behind to research independency and develop other relationships. For those relocated to installings located outside of the Continental United States, societal and cultural isolation is reasonably common ( Rentz et al. , 2006 ) . There is an increasing figure of active responsibility military ( ADM ) adult females, like their civilian opposite numbers, at hazard for domestic force ( DV ) . This survey illustrates active responsibility military adult females s attitudes and picks refering the armed forces s policy on domestic force. 474 ADM adult females from all services were interviewed via telephone. Nineteen of whom had experienced DV during their military service ( Gielen et al. , 2006 ) . During the survey, ADM adult females were afraid if they were to describe domestic force it would endanger their occupation. In fact, a higher proportion of military adult females thought regular showing would escalate future maltreatment ( Gielen et al. , 2006 ) . This may be related to the military context in which there is compulsory coverage and a deficiency of confidentiality. United States Military Culture Gender-based force, such as sexual torment, colza, and domestic force, is a planetary phenomenon that occurs among military households and within military communities, during peace clip and in clip of war. A figure of research workers and militants have argued that military civilization, shared norms, for illustration, sing maleness, gender, force, and adult females, is contributing to ravish and sexual torment, every bit good as domestic force ( Adelman, 2003 ) . In the United States, nevertheless, it was non until the mid to late 1990s that advocators and militants, working both within and outside of the military, were able to carry policy shapers that domestic force constituted a societal job specifically for the military. Widespread media coverage of military-generated sexual torment and sexual assault dirts every bit good as coverage of high rates of domestic force in the U.S. military in Time magazine s and 60 Minutes s motivated the Department of Defense to turn to domestic force in the military ( Adelman, 2003 ) . Civilian advocators for beat-up adult females every bit good as military forces warn that domestic force injuries servicewomen and civilian adult females ( and their kids ) who are married to military military mans. It besides has been argued that domestic force goes against the institutional values of the military and negatively affects military preparedness ( Adelman, 2003 ) . These include creative activity of a undertaking force, beef uping of coverage protocols, sweetening of the Family Advocacy Program, and encouragement to make public notice between civilian and military governments. Military policies sing domestic force diverge from civilian attacks in several important ways. What constitutes a condemnable misdemeanor, for illustration, and who substantiates a ailment of domestic force conform to the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ, n.d. ) . Privacy and confidentiality are non guaranteed within the military system, which mandates the coverage to unit commanding officers of suspected instances of domestic force sing forces under their supervising. Military responses to domestic force differ most clearly from civilian, state-based responses in that the societal control mechanism doubles as the wrongdoer s employer. In the United States, the armed forces or the military base constitutes a comparatively stray and independent societal and legal entity that produces and is governed by its ain linguistic communication, norms, and Torahs. This reflects the idealised distance and legal division between military and civilian life in the United States, and as a consequence, surveies of domestic force in the U.S. military are based on a separation between the civil and the military, doing it hard to carry on comprehensive or comparative research. Orders of protection obtained in a civilian tribunal, for illustration, may non be enforced within the federal legal power of a military base and frailty versa. Much of the concern with and research on military civilization and relationships between military civilization and domestic force have been generated in the United States or in states that host U.S. military bases, due to a figure of high-profile instances of sexual torment, colza, and domestic homicide in the U.S. military ( Adelman, 2003 ) . Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence Although the Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence ( DTFDV ) has made a serious effort to turn to many of the concerns related to domestic force in the military, its analysis of banging is extremely flawed in cardinal subdivisions of the study. As a consequence, the study includes inappropriate recommendations for intercessions and redresss. Battering is described as an person, clinical job in the subdivision on preparation of military officers and the subdivision on wrongdoer answerability. No attending is given to the social attitudes and belief systems that support such force and no differentiations are made between normal matrimonial differences and the form of power and control that characterizes domestic force ( DOD, 2004 ; Rosenthal A ; McDonald, 2003 ) . The DTFDV study strongly recommends that developing be provided to military officers and nowadayss information that should be included in such preparation. However, there is a troublesome accent within this information on choler direction as a redress in some domestic force instances. The information states that anger direction categories should merely be utilized in low degree emotional ill-treatment instances where there has been no physical force . Classifying any domestic force instance as low degree is debatable and indicates confusion about the kineticss of this specific form of behaviour. Domestic force is non about mundane statements and crossnesss between twosomes. The form of behaviour that is by and large defined as domestic force involves coercive, intimidating, terrorization, and commanding behaviour by one spouse toward another. Situations in which such a form is present by and large involve non merely emotional ill-treatment but besides menaces of force that can r apidly intensify into physical maltreatment ( Rosenthal A ; McDonald, 2003 ) . Reports of Parental Spousal Violence In the military, household force straight jeopardizes the household s fiscal security. A beat-up married woman frequently protects the military hubby against legal proceedings initiated by the armed forces. The military besides may be more likely to protect officers accused of bridal force as compared to enlisted soldiers. Surveies indicate that kids can accurately describe on bridal force. In the military, 95 % of spousal force occurs in the place and 43 % of victims study that kids witness the maltreatment. The survey demonstrated that there was as general tendency for more bridal force in the military households with slapping, throwing objects, and an overall step of force separating between the military and civilian groups. These differences persisted even when commanding for cultural background and military rank. Spousal force was significantly higher in commissioned officers as compared to enlisted forces. The current survey does non turn to whether the military environment contributes to increased spousal force or whether persons prone to abusive behaviour are more likely to fall in the military ( Cronin, 1995 ) . Immigration and Domestic Violence Each twelvemonth, 100s of 1000s of adult females enter the United States as a partner of a U.S. citizen or legal lasting occupant, coming to the United States with important disadvantages in societal position and resources compared with their male spouses. Womans whose immigrant position is attached to their hubbies U.S. citizenship enjoy slightly greater legal protection than do undocumented immigrant adult females, but they excessively are vulnerable due to the construction of in-migration jurisprudence ( MSCFV, n.d. ) . Immigrant position keeps many adult females from seeking aid from maltreatment or go forthing the opprobrious relationship. Undocumented adult females fear that if they ask for aid, the wellness or societal service supplier will turn them in for exile. However, even battered immigrant adult females with legal immigrant position feel vulnerable to exile should they seek aid. Asiatic and Latino immigrant adult females with bridal visas tied to their maltreaters besides report that frights of exile maintain their engagement with their batterer ( Erez A ; Bach, 2003 ) . The United States is considered a state of immigrants. However, who is allowed to lawfully immigrate has varied over clip. U.S. in-migration and naturalisation Torahs have shaped the ensuing immigrant pool in footings of gender, race or nationality, sexual orientation, and matrimonial position. Subsequent alterations in in-migration policy, including an amnesty enterprise in the mid-1980s, led to heterosexual household reunion and an addition in the Numberss of adult females and kids who migrated to the United States. Such gendered and sexualized forms reflect how in-migration and naturalisation jurisprudence serves to patrol the purported moral every bit good as political boundaries of the state. These in-migration Torahs affect why, when, how, and with whom adult females immigrate and their experiences of domestic force subsequent to arrival in the United States ( Erez, Adelman, A ; Gregory, 2009 ; Raj A ; Silverman, 2002 ) . Some adult females reported that the addition in emotional, sexual, and physical maltreatment coincided with immigration-specific activities such as come ining the state, registering in-migration documents, or accessing societal public assistance systems. The bulk of adult females who came with their partners reported that the passage and move to the United States altered the kineticss of the relationship: He has had more power to pull strings in the U.S. because I am illegal and depended on him and I did nt hold any rights here ( Erez et al. , 2009 ) . Although jurisprudence is non deliberately gender biased, one that creates a status-marriage dependence, such as in-migration jurisprudence, makes immigrant adult females more vulnerable to the domestic force power moral force. Military Brides American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military forces to states around the universe, supplying military mans chances to run into and socialise with local adult females. Some members of the Armed Forces stationed abroad signifier confidant which they are deployed, doing these adult females military brides, viz. , nonnative adult females who marry U.S. military forces. For case, the deployment of U.S. military personnels in Asiatic states has resulted in more than 200,000 Nipponese, Vietnamese, Thai, Korean, and Filipino adult females get marrieding U.S. service members and immigrating to the United States since World War II. On reaching in this state, military brides become immigrants and are capable to U.S. in-migration Torahs, which by and large give, with few exclusions, a partner ( or parent ) control over the in-migration position of their dependants ( Erez A ; Bach, 2003 ) . The military mans tried to forestall their immigrant married womans from deriving independency or go forthing the matrimony. Some hubbies prohibited the adult females from looking for employment. One adult female stated that the force occurred while she was on the telephone discoursing a occupation. Another adult female noted that she could merely work when her maltreater was out of the house. Attempts by the adult females to take some actions to halt the maltreatment besides triggered force: [ Violence occurred ] following meetings with an lawyer or military functionaries ( Erez A ; Bach, 2003 ) . Without exclusion, the adult females interviewed reported that their hubbies ( or fiance in one instance ) used their in-migration position as a arm against them. The maltreatment tactics included menaces to describe them to immigration governments, to inform the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) about presumed jurisprudence misdemeanors, to take away the kids, or to behave the adult females ( Erez A ; Bach, 2003 ) . Without any close household or friends nearby, the adult females did non hold any gloss of the societal and cultural support webs that are available to other military married womans. The immigrant adult females could non go place, nor could they name or pass on with relations or friends. They were non familiar with the civilian community around them and did non hold the benefit of an immigrant community to turn to for support or advice. Without the presence of household, friends, or community, the isolation and impotence intensified ( Raj A ; Silverman, 2002 ) . Lack of linguistic communication accomplishments increases immigrant adult females s isolation, precludes entree to information, and farther bounds their employment chances. In reacting to domestic force in the armed forces, particular attending should be paid to adult females whose fortunes involve multiple exposures, such as military brides. Marital ties of immigrant adult females to opprobrious work forces combine military and immigration-related maltreatment and dependence, whether existent or perceived. The survey demonstrates that in-migration position can go an extra arm in the armory of opprobrious military spouses. As immigrant adult females are frequently non cognizant of or informed about legal protections and available services, 10 immigration-related maltreatments can go an effectual tool of control and domination. In visible radiation of the big figure of intimate partnerships formed between American military forces stationed abroad and nonnative adult females, the malt reatment possible inherent in such relationships warrants particular attending by the armed forces in its attempts to turn to domestic force ( Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence, 2002 ) . It is of import to remind all who work with beat-up adult females and immigrant communities that we must make what is necessary to better the lives of beat-up immigrant adult females and their kids. Members of immigrant communities, battered adult females s advocators, research workers, policy shapers, and most significantly, battered immigrant adult females must join forces in planing these attempts. Defense Department s Family Advocacy Program The Department of Defense created a Family Advocacy Program ( FAP ) , supplying victims with resources that would assist acquire to safety and back on their pess. The plan is available on each military base, and consists of co-ordinated attempts designed to forestall, place, study and handle all facets of kid maltreatment and disregard, and domestic maltreatment. Each base besides has a victim s advocator who work with the unit s FAP ( DOD, 2004 ) . Licensed counsellors, psychologists and societal workers make up the military victim advocator. They are knowing about the procedure military forces and their households can take to turn to domestic force. They besides have available a list of resources, healers, and shelters that will help victims and their households. Advocates and advisers work with the victim, reding the person of available options ( DOD, 2004 ) . Commanding officers are finally responsible for keeping good order and subject among military forces. Although all the Military Services provide developing to help commanding officers in understanding their functions and duties related to command, the course of study and continuance vary by Service. Department of Defense Directive ( DoDD ) 6400.1 authorizations that the Family Advocacy Program ( FAP ) office notify a service member s dominating officer when an act of maltreatment has allegedly occurred. The directing mandates the instruction and preparation of cardinal forces on policy and effectual steps to relieve jobs associated with kid and partner maltreatment. The directive, nevertheless, does non specify cardinal forces ( Klimp A ; Tucker, 2001 ) . The services have implemented this policy in changing ways, to include everything from single briefings with commanding officers one time they have assumed bid places on an installing to a group developing format. The Army provides specific instructions on briefing commanding officers via Army Regulation 608-18, the Army FAP. The Navy s counsel is lineations on OPNAVINST 1752.2A, FAP, observing that commanding officers shall guarantee that the bid is trained on the designation and bar of household force, coverage demands, and bid, community, and FAP response consciousness as regular professional development preparation ( Klimp A ; Tucker, 2001 ) . The Air Force provides counsel in Air Force Instruction 40-301, FAP and the Marine Corps provides counsel for commanding officer preparation in MCOP 1752.3B, Marine Corps FAP Standing Operation. Unit of measurement commanding officers at installings with a household service centre should obtain a FAP brief from the FAP director within 45 yearss of presuming bid ( Klimp A ; Tucker, 2001 ) . The Department of Defense does non mandate domestic force preparation specifically for military commanding officers. However, the DOD advises the Services to supply instruction and preparation for cardinal forces. Installations vary in their readings of the directive, and, as a consequence, some plans have more deepnesss than others. The armed forces s attack to forestall, place and step in with domestic force relies to a great extent on FAP. Given they operate under the counsel of qualified mental wellness professionals they are readily available to help those military forces and their households with their demands. Drumhead Domestic force includes but non limited to the wilful bullying, physical assault and battery against an intimate spouse or kid. It besides includes emotionally opprobrious and commanding behaviour that establishes a form of laterality and control ( NCADV, 2005 ) . Even though domestic force is neer acceptable, mental wellness professionals know firsthand how the sort of intense emphasis experienced by military members frequently leads to opprobrious behaviours. In the 2008 New York Times article When Strains on Military Families Turn Deadly, the writers province that surveies illustrate the relationship between combat experience, injury, and domestic force. The article cited a 2006 survey which focused on veterans at a Veterans Affairs medical centre who sought matrimonial guidance between 1997 and 2003. They found that those with PTSD were significantly more likely to commit force toward their spouse. Surveies like these, and studies by those who work with military forces and their households, have many mental wellness practicians, military leaders, and policymakers concerned, and determined to happen solutions for countless victims, before it s excessively late. The NYT article mentioned several cases where mental wellness jobs associated with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars led to lay waste toing, lifelessly homicides, with a service member killing his partner, or kid, and sometimes turning the gun on himself afterwards ( Alvarez A ; So ntiag, 2008 ) . Future research is needed that explores household force in all subdivisions of the military. Surveies should besides concentrate on the coincident happening of child ill-treatment and partner maltreatment in military households. The civilian and military communities are urged to work toward utilizing common definitions and patterns to ease comparing of rates among the populations. It is of import to farther examine service handiness and use to find the impact on household force. Mentions: Adelman, M. ( 2003 ) . The Military, Militarism and the Militarization of domestic force. Violence Against Women, 9: 1118-1152. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1077801203255292. Alvarez, L. A ; Sontiag, D. ( 2008, February 15 ) . When strains on military households turn lifelessly. The New York Times. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html? pagewanted=2HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html? pagewanted=2 A ; _r=1 amp ; HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html? pagewanted=2 A ; _r=1 _r=1 Cronin, C. ( 1995 ) . Adolescent studies of parental spousal force in Military and civilian households. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10: 117-122. Department of the interior: 10.1177/088626095010001008. Department of Defense. ( 2004 ) . Department of Defense Directive 6400.1. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/640001p.pdf Erez, E. A ; Bach, S. ( 2003 ) . Immigration, domestic force, and the armed forces: The instance of Military Brides. Violence Against Women, 9: 1093-1117. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1077801203255289. Erez, E. , Adelman, M. A ; Gregory, C. ( 2009 ) . Intersections of in-migration and domestic force: Voices of battered immigrant adult females. Feminist Criminology, 4: 32-56. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1557085108325413. Gielen, A. , Campbell, J. , Garza, M. A. , OCampo, P. , Dienemann, J. , Kub, J. , A ; Lloyd, D. W. ( 2006 ) . Domestic Violence in the Military: Women s Policy Preferences and Beliefs Concerning Routine Screening and Mandatory Reporting. Military Medicine, 171 ( 8 ) , 729-735. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Klimp, J. W. A ; Tucker, T.T. ( 2001 ) . Domestic force. Arlington, VA: Task Force Mid-Shore Council on Family Violence. ( n.d. ) . Domestic force immigrant victims. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mscfv.org/dvstat.html National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. ( 2005 ) . Domestic Violence. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncadv.org/aboutus.php Raj, A. A ; Silverman, J. ( 2002 ) . Violence against immigrant adult females: The functions of civilization, context, and legal immigrant position on confidant spouse force. Violence Against Women, 8: 367-398. Department of the interior: 10.1177/10778010222183107. Rentz, D.E. , Martin, S.L. , Gibbs, D.A. , Clinton-Sherrod, M. Hardison, J. A ; Marshall, S. ( 2006 ) . Family force in the armed forces: A reappraisal of the literature. Trauma, Violence, A ; Abuse, 7: 93-108. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1524838005285916. Rosenthal, L. A ; McDonald, S. ( 2003 ) . Seeking justness: A reappraisal of the 2nd study of the defence undertaking force on domestic force. Violence Against Women, 9: 1153-1161. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1077801203255549. Uniform Code of Military Justice. ( n.d. ) Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ucmj.htm Part II: A Reflection Piece The Family Justice Center Abstraction The Family Justice Center ( FJC ) is merely that, a multi-agency service centre for victims of household force and their kids. FJC is comprised of multiple community spouses. With my legal background interning with the legal web was the best tantrum. My function consisted of testing domestic force ( DV ) victims, helping in the procedure of obtaining a impermanent restraining order ( TRO ) and supplying tribunal support. As a certified legal assistant and presently analyzing forensic psychological science I am happening it slightly hard to transgress my boundaries in executing double functions. The most ambitious policy to adhere is the makings for obtaining a TRO. It is hard to find what making constitutes person as being qualified for a TRO. Does a victim have to acquire beaten before using for a TRO? At what point do we warrant what qualifies? One of the Torahs that we do follow is the Dr. Jackie Campbell s Danger Assessment. The Danger Assessment ( DA ) was originally developed b y Co-Investigator Campbell with audience and content cogency support from battered adult females, shelter workers, jurisprudence enforcement functionaries, and other clinical experts on buffeting. As every multi-disciplinary squad is alone, it is of import to be cognizant of schemes to turn to challenges related to working in multi-disciplinary squads. Whether it is specifying functions, puting boundaries, or guaranting all squad members can lend every bit, schemes like these can assist multi-disciplinary squads address challenges they frequently encounter. Introduction There are many forensic psychological science scenes in which forensic psychological science professionals may work. Forensic psychological science professionals may work with wrongdoers in the tribunals, in prisons, in halfway houses, or in community scenes. Forensic psychological science professionals may besides work with offense victims in scenes such as domestic force shelters. There are many grounds why I chose the forensic psychological science puting I did for my field experience. The Family Justice Center The Family Justice Center ( FJC ) focuses on making a web nationally and internationally minimising household force. The centre besides provides, preparation, audience and host conferences. The FJC is comprised of multiple professionals and services such as a military affair, mental wellness services, a jurisprudence enforcement section, and a legal section. The FJC is merely that, a multi-agency service centre for victims of household force and their kids. This centre offers kids with close working relationships, shared preparation and proficient aid, collaborative acquisition procedures, and coordinated support aid ( FJC, 2009 ) . The FJC legal web s mission statement is to supply convenient and free legal services to victims of domestic force ( FJC, 2009 ) . FJC goes above and beyond their mission statement. They provide extra resources and centre s their attending merely on the single client. They provide a kid attention centre for clients with kids, a waiting room filled with drinks and bites is provided every bit good as little therapy suites equipped with comfy couch. The therapy room is where appraisals are conducted for privateness intents. Functions and Duties FJC is comprised of multiple community spouses. With my legal background interning with the legal web was the best tantrum. My function consisted of testing domestic force ( DV ) victims, helping in the procedure of obtaining a impermanent restraining order ( TRO ) and supplying tribunal support at tribunal hearings. Once the showing is conducted, I consult with my oversing lawyer to find if the client has measure uping elements to continue with a TRO. To measure up for a TRO through FJC, a client must hold one of the undermentioned relationships to the individual they want restrained: Spouse or former partner Person with whom you portion ( vitamin D ) a life infinite Have or had a dating/engagement relationship Parents of a kid Relative to the 2nd grade ( grandparents, but non cousins ) The individual they wish to hold restrained must ALSO hold committed one of these Acts of the Apostless: Recent physical force Recent menaces of physical force Harassment Recent sexual assault or molestation Stalking Verbal maltreatment ( merely when really severe ) ( FJC, 2009 ) . Ethical Issues The FJC takes every safeguard to follow all ethical codifications set upon all professionals within the organisation. As I mentioned before the FJC is comprised of assorted professionals such as investigators, counselors/psychologists and lawyers. Each professional has its ain ethical codifications to follow. The legal section follows same ethical codifications related to confidentiality and release of information ( APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 4 ; AP-LS, 2008: Forte Guideline 10 ) . Each client is required to travel through two showings before they move frontward with the legal section. A psychologist screens them and if there are seeable hurts, the client is seen by a forensic medical tester. At this clip, a release mandate signifier of the exposure is signed by client. This gives the organisation permission to utilize the exposure as grounds for tribunal hearings. Each client is required to subscribe a confidentiality understanding signifier prior to run intoing with the legal section. As stated above the organisation is besides comprised of constabulary officers and investigators. Police officers and investigators have their ain ethical codifications to follow. At times a client would get and would besides wish to register a constabulary study. At the minute the client is allowed to register a study. At no clip can the psychologist or lawyer be present during this clip. If a 3rd party was present during this clip, the 3rd party is entitled to attest in tribunal as a informant for the condemnable instance. It can acquire reasonably complicated. I ran into this job when helping with the client that was a investigator. As a certified legal assistant and presently analyzing forensic psychological science I found it slightly hard non to transgress my boundaries in executing double functions ( APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 3 ; AP-LS, 2008: Forte Guidelines 6 ) . Part of my duty prior to helping with the TRO I have to test them to find if they have adequate grounds to travel frontward with a TRO. Sometimes I find myself maneuvering towards a psychological appraisal merely to retrieve that I m testing for legal intents. Legal Issues With the legal field come many Torahs, ordinances and processs. The most ambitious policy to adhere is the makings for obtaining a TRO. It is hard to find what making constitutes person as being qualified for a TRO. Does a victim have to acquire beaten before using for a TRO? At what point do we warrant what qualifies? Although there are regulations and ordinances, at times I find some professional staff doing judgements based on their ain judgements. Harassment, Stalking and Severe verbal maltreatment are all hard to turn out. With the rise of facebook and chirrup, many are turning to societal networking as grounds. This is first-class cogent evidence. However, once more what constitutes as grounds? I had a client who was in her early 20 s. She has merely been in the country for two hebdomads and do nt hold friends or household. Her hubby is in the military and like my research portion of the paper she frequently felt stray. Her hubby was an opprobrious alky. He told her he owned everything. Because she does nt work and merely took attention of the childs she does nt have anything. She believed this. She was six hebdomads pregnant and her hubby shook her against the wall a twosome times. She came in to FJC with the purposes of seeking a TRO because she was tired of her hubby s verbal maltreatment. After discoursing this instance with my oversing lawyer, she felt the client did nt hold adequate grounds to travel frontward with a TRO. I had my personal sentiment on this. I thought she had more than plenty. She was six hebdomads pregnant and agitating her against the wall was a mark of more to come. Needless to state, my lawyer did non desire to travel frontward with a TRO but she said if I truly believe she needs one, proceed with one and I did. The TRO came back that afternoon granted. My lawyer had no remark nor did she praise me for a occupation good done. Dr. Jackie Campbell s Danger Assessment One of the Torahs that we do follow is the DR. JACKIE CAMPBELLS DANGER ASSESSMENT. The Danger Assessment ( DA ) instrument is designed to measure the likeliness of deadliness or near deadliness happening in a instance of domestic force. Even though abused adult females are reasonably good assessors of their ain hazard of re-assault, they frequently underestimate the hazard of homicide. The DA was developed in audience on point diction and content cogency from beat-up adult females, advocators, jurisprudence enforcement functionaries, and other clinical experts on banging. The initial DA points were developed from Dr. Jacqueline C. Campbell s research reexamining police Intimate Partner Homicide ( IPH ) records every bit good as reappraisals of other surveies of IPH or serious hurt from Intimate Partner Victim ( IPV ) ( Dangerassessment.org, 2005 ; Renzetti A ; Edleson, 2008 ) . The DA first assesses badness and frequence of banging by inquiring an abused adult female to tag on a calendar the approximative yearss when physically opprobrious incidents occurred, ranking their badness on a graduated table of 1 to 5. Using a calendar addition accurate callback in general and the DA calendar helps raise the adult female s consciousness and cut down the normal minimisation of IPV ( Renzetti A ; Edleson, 2008 ) . The 2nd portion of the original DA was a 15-item yes/no dichotomous response format of hazard factors associated with IPH. Both parts of the DA take about 20 proceedingss to finish. The adult female can finish the DA by herself or with professionals from the wellness attention, condemnable justness, or victim advocate systems. The original DA was scored by numbering the yes responses, with more yeses bespeaking more danger ( Dangerassessment.org, 2005 ; Renzetti A ; Edleson, 2008 ) . The degrees of danger and DA tonss are ( 1 ) variable danger ( 0-7 ) , ( 2 ) increased danger ( 8-13 ) , ( 3 ) severe danger ( 14-17 ) , and ( 4 ) extreme danger ( 18+ ) . The linguistic communication used to label the degrees of danger was chosen in audience with subsisters and advocators for its significance to abused adult females and in convey that even at the lowest degree ( variable danger ) , the hazard of deadly force is neer carelessness and can alter rapidly. The DA can assist adult females come to a more realistic assessment of their hazard every bit good as better the prognostic truth of those who are seeking to assist them ( Dangerassessment.org, 2005 ; Renzetti A ; Edleson, 2008 ) . The Danger Assessment is conducted by a investigator who has been certified as a danger assessment professional. Anyone can travel on-line, take the test and it certified. The legal section returns with advising both the San Diego Police and Sheriff s section with information on the maltreater and a warning to the officers to continue with cautiousness. We than continue to help the victim with all resources possible. Population Served The population served consisted of persons from assorted backgrounds. The age scope varied from a 16-year-old to a 50-year-old ; Educational background ranged from high school pupil to person with a unmarried man s grade ; There were at least two male clients a hebdomad obtaining TROs ; and we averaged of at least 2-3 instances each twenty-four hours affecting a military forces. Challenges Forensic psychological science professionals frequently work in a multi-disciplinary squad that encompasses diverse persons from assorted professional backgrounds. For case, forensic psychologists might work with persons from federal, province, or local jurisprudence enforcement bureaus ; with lawyers ; orA with persons from correctional and intervention installations. Although working in multi-disciplinary squads can turn out good, possible challenges such as power kineticss, differing point of views, and dissensions with roles/responsibilities might originate. As every multi-disciplinary squad is alone, it is of import to be cognizant of schemes to turn to challenges related to working in multi-disciplinary squads. Whether it is specifying functions, puting boundaries, or guaranting all squad members can lend every bit, schemes like these can assist multi-disciplinary squads address challenges they frequently encounter. I faced many challenges at the FJC. With multiple professionals with assorted certificates there is a possibility that person will hold a different position on an issue. The first challenge I saw on my first twenty-four hours came from the personality and attitudes of the investigators. Detectives have a demeanour about them. All investigators start off policing the streets as a constabulary officer. They finally get promoted to a detective place if that s the path they choose to take. They do nt wish to be questioned particularly if it s an issue they specialize in. For illustration, they know that domestic force can stop with a calamity. What they do nt cognize is non all impermanent restraining orders ( TRO ) are granted. In order for a justice to allow a TRO at that place has to be adequate grounds and valid cogent evidence that the individual necessitating protection is in immediate danger. To the investigators all DV victims are in danger and most police officers who respond to DV calls advise the victims to obtain a TRO ; small do they cognize that DV constabularies studies are non plenty as grounds. It varies from instance to instance. This is where the legal section and investigators do nt see oculus to oculus. A client was denied aid for a TRO. She could non turn out there was immediate danger or menaces made straight to her. The investigator on the instance had something to state about this. The investigator and the lawyer exchanged a few words and gratuitous to state the lawyer was right and a TRO neer followed. Effective schemes include but are non limited to carry oning meetings, seting self-importances aside and working as a squad versus a section. Each department/entity is in private funded but all associated with one organisation. Conducting frequent meetings can be effectual particularly when others can larn from it. As an intern I merely sit back and detect how each professional grips each state of affairs. Penetrations FJC is a great organisation that is good to all DV victims. It provides a topographic point where victims can obtain information all in one topographic point alternatively of holding to go to several different topographic points to guarantee they are safe from their batterer. FJC is a reasonably new organisation that will go on to turn in the many old ages to come. With each new organisation follows the demand for betterment. I started off my field experience puting my outlooks of the organisation really high. The organisation was created under the wing of a former City Attorney, how could I non? In the procedure of my experience, I discovered my oversing lawyer lacked leading experience. This was her first occupation in California and it was her foremost occupation as an lawyer. She had no experience with tribunal hearings or covering with clients. The lone experience she had was through her internships while traveling through jurisprudence school. There were multiple ethical issues I witnessed but to call them would intend I could travel on forever. She crossed the line of professionalism by befriending jurisprudence pupils who were interning. Her treatments were inappropriate. What bothered me most is I was ever busy and hardly had clip for tiffin but they had clip to take tiffin. At times I felt I was taken advantage of. I was the 1 that organized everyone else s work but neer got the recognition for it. I was an intern so I did nt state much. I merely did what I was told. Initially the last twenty-four hours of my field experience was set for the terminal of February. I realized I exceeded my hours required and needed more clip to work on my documents and school assignment. So, I cut my field experience short by two hebdomads. I think my supervisor was disappointed because the jurisprudence pupils were non to the full trained yet. In my field experience with FJC, I gained a batch of experience. While larning the TROs was a reappraisal for me, larning the FJC s processs took me longer. I was excited to be working with assorted professionals but at the same clip disappointed that I neer got the opportunity to shadow them. I was promised multiple times, nevertheless, it neer happened. I felt like because I was good at what I did, possibly my supervisor needed me for my undertakings. Acerate leaf to state the lone experience I got from this was helping clients with TRO and larning how to coup with self-importances.

O and Tim Blake Nelson Essays

O and Tim Blake Nelson Essays O and Tim Blake Nelson Essay O and Tim Blake Nelson Essay The most obvious difference between the two movies is the settings. Oliver Parker has kept Othello in Venice while Tim Blake Nelson has made a more contemporary setting. Just as the settings of the two movies are drastically different, Othello and Odin appropriately fit into each setting. Oliver Parker’s Othello is an experienced solider who is incredibly mature and aware of himself. He has great trust in Iago and sees him as confidante and wants to hear all of his thoughts. Even though he has this trust in Iago, there is still a distance of leader and servant between the two which is probably why Othello verbally announces his trust in Desdemona. Tim Blake Nelson’s Odin, however embodies a high schooler. Odin is young and seems extremely immature. Odin has complete trust in Hugo and when Hugo suggests watching Desi more closely, he does just that. Instead of having leader and servant relationship, it feels like Odin and Hugo are on equal levels and are friends. Just as their characters are different, Othello and Odin’s reactions to Iago/Hugo are different. When Iago told Othello about his suspicions about Desdemona, Othello holds his appearance. His anger and uncertainty is suppressed because he understands that there might be a misunderstanding. He insists that he does not suspect anything for appearance sake, but in his mind he is having a lot of suspicions. However Odin is close to believing every word Hugo feeds to him and immediately follows his suggestions. After having the idea of adultery in their minds, Othello and Odin start treating Desdemona/Desi differently. Othello still has some trust with Desdemona and mostly keeps his suspicions to himself. He keeps his reservations fairly well hidden. Odin on the other hand is extremely verbal and even acts on his anger. When Michael walks out of the house, he refuses to talk to him which suggests an immaturity which has yet to develop outward courtesy. Odin, in fact, expresses his anger so much that he is insistent on Desi’s unfaithfulness. What puts him over the edge is probably when Michael was asked to replace Odin on the basketball team where Odin promptly throws a couple of punches at Michael, storms out of the court, and slams the door behind him, which shows a lack of discipline, childishness, and the inability to control his emotions. Shakespeare’s plays are open to interpretation and that is perhaps the reason why his plays can has drastically different settings but still convey the same themes and emotions. Oliver Parker introduces us to a well-respected, responsible Othello while Tim Blake Nelson creates a new highly-emotional, highly-mistrustful Odin. While they are the same â€Å"character† they both possess different qualities.

How to Pronounce Vowels in Italian

How to Pronounce Vowels in Italian Italian pronunciation might pose some difficulties for the beginner. Yet it is very regular, and once the rules are understood, it is easy to pronounce each word correctly. Italian vowels (le vocali) are short, clear-cut, and are never drawn out. The glide, with which English vowels frequently end, should be avoided. Finally, it should be noted that the vowels a, i, and u, are always pronounced the same way. E and o, on the other hand, have an open and a closed sound that may vary from. How to Pronounce Vowels A- sounds like a in fatherE- has two sounds: short vowel like e in pen; long vowel, similar to ai in fairI- sounds like ea in tea or i in marineO- has two sounds: like o in cozy or similar to o in costU- sounds like u in rude Tips: Italian vowels are always articulated in a sharp, clear fashion, regardless of stress. They are never slurred or pronounced weakly.Vowels (a,e,i,o,u) always retain their value in diphthongs.Italian is a phonetic language, which means that it is spoken the way it is written. Italian and English share the Latin alphabet, but the sounds represented by the letters often differ considerably in the two languages.    Examples of Vowels a is like a in the English word ah! Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. casa  houseantipasto  appetizerama  lovesbanana  bananasala  hallPapa  Popefama  famepasta  pasta; dough; pastry e is sometimes like e in the English word they (without the final i glide). Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. e  andbeve  drinksme  mefede  faithvede  seesmele  applessete  thirstpepe  pepper e is sometimes like e in the word met. This is the open e. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. à ¨Ã‚  islento  slowbene  wellfesta  party; holidaysedia  chairpresto  soonvento  windtà ¨Ã‚  tea i is like i in machine. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. libri  booksbimbi  childrenvini  winesviolini  violinstini  vatspini  pines o is sometimes like o in the English word oh!. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. o  ordono  giftnome  namesolo  aloneposto  placetondo  roundvolo  flightmondo  world o is sometimes like o in or. This is the open o. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. moda  fashiontoga  togano  nooro  goldposta  mailbrodo  brothcosa  thingtrono  thronerosa  roseolio  oil u is like u in rule. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. luna  moonfungo  mushroomuno  onelungo  longfuga  fuguemulo  muleuso  usetubo  tube

Critique a photography show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique a photography show - Essay Example He was trying to put across excitement. Looking at the way the woman’s hands are spread out, one gets the feeling of balance and exactitude. The woman’s hands are positioned in a way to give her perfect balance as she tackles the wave. Looking at the wave that the woman in the image is riding, one could say that the roughness of the wave is intended to portray challenges and she appears to be taking the wave head on. One could further say that the image portrays one who is facing life’s challenges head-on while knowing full well how to go about it; they have achieved balance in their life. Looking at another image of a lady who is clasping her hands, closing her eyes and tilting her head to the sky as if in prayer, one gets a feeling of innocence. The artist was trying to convey synergy. This can be shown by the simple way the lady is clasping her hands, the simple way she has closed her eyes as she is not doing it forcefully, and the serene environment that seems to surround her. All these coupled with the warm radiant colours of her clothing serve to convey calmness. She seems to be tilting her head to the sky as if seeking something that she knows is there. Looking at another image, this one of a painted man’s face, one gets the feeling that the artist was trying to convey aggression. From the use dark colours to paint his face, and the pattern employed in the painting; diagonally across his face, one gets the feeling that the man is getting ready for combat. From his untidy hair, one gets the feeling that the artist was trying to convey hostility. This is also achieved from the dark colour of his t-shirt. The grey background also adds to the feeling of aggression. In all the three images, the artist has beautifully used colour and shape to put across different emotions that one instantly connects with on examination of the images. The first image seems to

Toyota Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Toyota Case Study - Essay Example Toyota Auris – The Auris represents the second model of energy saving vehicle to be introduced to the UK market by Toyota. Like its predecessor, the Toyota Prius the car makes use of hybrid engine technology to deliver a vehicle with low running costs and other financial benefits such as low tax duties. However, the marketing mix and target audience for the Auris model are slightly different to that of the Prius. Where the Toyota Prius clearly targeted the practical family market, the Auris is a smaller vehicle and targets the compact car market. Despite the fact that the car is a smaller offering than the Toyota Prius, the vehicle is still aimed at the premium end of the segment with models still costing in excess of ?20,000 at the entry level. Like Prius the car targets those who are either environmentally conscious or who are looking for long term low cost motoring. One of the key selling features of the model is the low fuel consumption with a reported MPG of 74.3. When bo th of Toyota’s offerings in the energy saving vehicle market within the UK are considered, the message may ultimately be seen as a similar one. Both cars target those who are environmentally conscious or who are looking for low cost motoring in the long term. However, high initial costs and premium based pricing strategy (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006) ensure that Toyota has maintained its reputation as a supplier of high value premium cars in the UK market. The following tools give a situation analysis with regards to the external environment which may affect the performance of Toyota’s energy saving vehicles in the UK. PESTLE Analysis Political On the whole political changes have been... This essay stresses that despite Toyota’s premium based pricing strategy, the researcher considers that economic performance is likely to worsen in the coming years which may see a greater level of growth in the budget sector. As such, it is recommended that Toyota in the coming years adapt its pricing strategy to one based around a cost leadership model in relation to the environmentally friendly car sector. Here the company should take advantage of the falling costs of technology in its existing models to assist the development of a budget range of cars using exiting hybrid technology. This may give Toyota a significant cost based advantage in comparison to other companies who are still in the expensive R&D stage of the development of energy saving vehicles. This paper makes a conclusion that one of the major advantages seen in the marketing of the Toyota Prius has been the high level of association between the product and role models within society such as Hollywood celebrities. However, as yet Toyota has yet to make official use of such marketing techniques. As such, one recommendation of the report is that Toyota should adapt the promotional element of the marketing mix to make use of celebrity endorsements and other associations which may help to lift sales of both existing and new models. Here the researcher recommends that such changes to the promotional element of the marketing mix should be linked to a web marketing strategy including the use of viral methods and online social networks.

Was the Soviet System Reformable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Was the Soviet System Reformable - Essay Example F. Cohen analyses the case of Soviet Union by looking at it from various angles. He also asks analytical questions as to why the Soviet Union perished and some of the contributing factors. He emphasizes that the prevailing view of changes that occurred under Mikhail Gorbachev’s six-year attempt to transform the Soviet Union along democratic and market lines to some extent proved that the system was unreformable. Cohen asserts that this is from his historical researches and perceptions regarding the non-reformability of the Soviet Union which according to him have been formulated and analyzed from time to time by other scholars too. According to him, the concepts driving the researchers and the ideologies of the reformability of Soviet Union are based on the Communist Party and its dictatorship, monopolistic state economy, and the slow responses of Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies. In his analysis, he emphasizes that it is important for scholars and historians to understand that reform doesn’t just merely refers to change but changes that improve people’s way of lives by widening political and economic freedom. Additionally, reform doesn’t mean a revolution or complete transformation of an existing order, but rather a piecemeal and gradual amendment within a systems broad historical, institutional and cultural dimensions. In the case of Soviet System, â€Å"real reforms† at that time was based on rapid and complete revolutions that would deem it very difficult to make reforms in the Soviet system. Cohen also argues that many studies conducted during the Soviet era however indicate that if certain policies were implemented then systematic change would have been possible in the Soviet system which was all dependent on Mikhail Gorbachev leadership. According to Cohen, other scholars and historians support this position because they are of the opinion that the structural violence which was at the center of Soviet system restrict ed the capabilities of Mikhail Gorbachev’s political, social and economic policies from becoming effective. Asking the question as to whether the Soviet system was reformable thus means asking if all the basic components and policies could be reformed. In fact historians argues that it makes no sense making assumptions that if any components or policies were supplemented by new ones or eliminated, the results would no longer be of the Soviet system. Furthermore, the Soviets of 1917 were generally elected, only turning into something else later. At this time there was no monopolistic control of the economy until the 1930s, and when the Stalinist mass terror which had been fundamental feature for 25 years ended no own would questioned if the system is still soviets. From these proponents historians and scholars argue that the Soviet System was not reformable and thus was doomed to be inherent defects (Kuvaldin, 22). Cohen also attributes the Soviet Union to the five transformat ions of the communist system which was generally advancing towards an economic  policy to be adopted in the Soviet  Union intended to increase central planning and labor efficiency. It however eventually led to the end of central planning in the Russian economy. The transformations were heavily determined by the communist system which included the monopoly of power by the communist party, democratic

Dancom in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dancom in Russia - Essay Example If they had been equals, administration would not have been easy. MNCs carefully avoid behaving like overlords and expect cooperation from native workers. Western countries, who were impressively successful in imperialism, had been unable to attain same level of achievement here while dealing with cultural syndromes. The provided case study of Dancom operating from Russia is an eye-opener, a situation in crying need of cross-cultural management. Study gives importance to the Russian voices of dissent heard in a Danish company. Russian workers, especially middle managers, who are 'united against headquarters in Denmark,' do not feel loyal for their company belonging to Danes. Problem of languages, lack of frequent/meaningful communication, poor and misguided interpretation, and isolated decision making with very little trust on the integrity and cleverness of Russians are the issues nagging this company. Another complex question is of insiders and outsiders, hosting insiders and hosting outsiders. Looking from Danish angle as the company belonged to them, Russians are workers from another dense culture, that too, ex-communists. From Russian point of view, overbearing Danish company is operating from Russian soil, and this should make Russians main players. There is a major difference in planning between Danish (long term activity, hence, important) and Russians (a short immediate task, not much to be bothered about), while Russians feel that Danes should have more trust in the knowledge and experience of Russian middle managers. What brings the differences other than culture, language and working pattern and natural bias How to reduce cross-cultural conflicts It had been a major challenge to Dancom. Russians are more tuned to the 'one authority' ordering, being under Communist rule for decades and Danes, being capitalistic in their approach, are more decentralised in their handling, even though they depend mainly on themselves. Years of mutual mistrust and prejudice about the other's capability (mainly due to political propaganda fed during days of Cold War) cannot be wiped out at one go. It takes time to develop trust, respect and mutual understanding and such an effort could be made through cross-cultural management. As a solution, cross-cultural relationships should be trusted and developed. Communication and co-ordination have to be developed. It is imperative to find out how Russians perceive themselves and this might be the key to many stagnating questions. Lamenting on not having research results, Jonson and Cullen argue: "Research on trust and its role in exchange has proliferated since the 1990s. However despite the insights offered by scholars, we do not yet have a generalizable and comprehensive model of trust in exchange," Jonson and Cullen in Gannon (2002, p.335). They hope to have much more research on the dynamics of trust, culture's role in the bases and evolution of trust and on business ethics across cultures. There are issues which showcase Danish approach being different from

Grant Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Grant Proposal - Essay Example Some children start using these drugs when they as young as thirteen years of age (Freeman, 2001). There has been extensive research on the substance abuse, such as alcohol and drugs, among the adolescent population segment. There are a number of generic factors that the substance abuse is blamed on. Also, there are numerous after effects and problems related to the substance abuse that adolescents have to combat in the aftermath of this abuse. Various reasons have been assumed to influence young people into misusing those substances. It is very important to understand the reasons why adolescents indulge in habit of abusing substances and the stage which they have attained so that we can be able to device means to assist them overcome their habits (Connors,et.al., 2001). Some of the causes may be more than mere curiosity hence may require emotional or material support so as to solve the real problem. Intervention is required both at local and state level to save young generation from deadly effects of abuse of substances. According to Deykin et al. (1987), most of the substances used for the abuse in question are depressants. Therefore, due to their continued abuse, they lead adolescent into a dark, depressive state from which it is very hard to emerge back into a happy healthy lifestyle. It has also been stated that adolescents and children who had been depressed to begin with, were far more likely to indulge in substance abuse as a result this depression. The linkage of depressive disorder and substance abuse in adolescent females was six times higher than it was in the male sample used for this study (Freeman, 2001). It was also found that the patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) were more likely to fall prey to alcohol abuse after the onset of the disorder. However, it may not always be the case with respect to the

Dancom in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dancom in Russia - Essay Example If they had been equals, administration would not have been easy. MNCs carefully avoid behaving like overlords and expect cooperation from native workers. Western countries, who were impressively successful in imperialism, had been unable to attain same level of achievement here while dealing with cultural syndromes. The provided case study of Dancom operating from Russia is an eye-opener, a situation in crying need of cross-cultural management. Study gives importance to the Russian voices of dissent heard in a Danish company. Russian workers, especially middle managers, who are 'united against headquarters in Denmark,' do not feel loyal for their company belonging to Danes. Problem of languages, lack of frequent/meaningful communication, poor and misguided interpretation, and isolated decision making with very little trust on the integrity and cleverness of Russians are the issues nagging this company. Another complex question is of insiders and outsiders, hosting insiders and hosting outsiders. Looking from Danish angle as the company belonged to them, Russians are workers from another dense culture, that too, ex-communists. From Russian point of view, overbearing Danish company is operating from Russian soil, and this should make Russians main players. There is a major difference in planning between Danish (long term activity, hence, important) and Russians (a short immediate task, not much to be bothered about), while Russians feel that Danes should have more trust in the knowledge and experience of Russian middle managers. What brings the differences other than culture, language and working pattern and natural bias How to reduce cross-cultural conflicts It had been a major challenge to Dancom. Russians are more tuned to the 'one authority' ordering, being under Communist rule for decades and Danes, being capitalistic in their approach, are more decentralised in their handling, even though they depend mainly on themselves. Years of mutual mistrust and prejudice about the other's capability (mainly due to political propaganda fed during days of Cold War) cannot be wiped out at one go. It takes time to develop trust, respect and mutual understanding and such an effort could be made through cross-cultural management. As a solution, cross-cultural relationships should be trusted and developed. Communication and co-ordination have to be developed. It is imperative to find out how Russians perceive themselves and this might be the key to many stagnating questions. Lamenting on not having research results, Jonson and Cullen argue: "Research on trust and its role in exchange has proliferated since the 1990s. However despite the insights offered by scholars, we do not yet have a generalizable and comprehensive model of trust in exchange," Jonson and Cullen in Gannon (2002, p.335). They hope to have much more research on the dynamics of trust, culture's role in the bases and evolution of trust and on business ethics across cultures. There are issues which showcase Danish approach being different from

The early history of Eduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The early history of Eduction - Essay Example This paved the way for determining how man could move ahead and thus acquire new ways and means through which he could be a part of the educated clan. As far as the private education domains are concerned, these have focused a great deal on how education is instilled within the society by means which are not run under the aegis of the government, rather by private entities and bodies who oversee that education is given to those who are ready to pay for it, and pay well. In entirety, education that is understood well is the education that is meant for everyone. If private education is expensive, it is because it was always like this and same will be the case in the coming times as well (Boyles, 2005). Hence gaining education is always a privilege and should always be thought as such because it helps solve the quandaries that are present within the societies and shape up the personalities of individuals on a consistent basis. Works Cited Boyles, Deron R. Schools or Markets? Commerciali sm, Privatization and School-Business Partnerships. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, NJ, 2005

Goodness is operational Essay Example for Free

Goodness is operational Essay According to Dunn and US OSHA (2004), the above sentiments should stand because, at the end of it all, the US will have to use its funds treating the industrially injured immigrant as well. Again, failure to teach immigrants on OSHA policies simply because they are not US citizens is contradictive to the principle of egalitarianism, which the US claims to have been founded upon. The OSHA 2004 promises that there be the training of all employees in meat packing industry alike, so as to assuage oversight in meal packing therefore comes in handy. The proposal to have the lessening of the velocity of the line speed is also very tenable. This is because, the measure allows for the chance of mishaps to be nipped in the bud, in case of any eventuality. The gravity of the matter is seen in the fact that according to the OSHA 2001 Report, 21% of devastating industrial accidents are always seen to have been revertible, should the speed of the machines have been a little slower (OSHA 2001). Mintz (2004) postulates that the importance of the matter is seen in the fact that meat packing industries are always fitted with very sharp massive cutters. It is always a requirement that apart from the abating of the velocity of the speed lines, it is also expedient that every meat packing industry be fitted with automatic detectors and main switch that allows the disabling of the cutters and the speed lines whenever of an alert is issued or an anomaly occurs. Conversely, there are those such as Wang (2003) who point out that the lessening of the velocity of the speed lines in the meat packing factories also helps in warding off cases of overworking of employees. Wang (Ibid) points out that it is increasing the speed of the conveyors and speed lines that acts as an artifice for the employees and the top management to realize maximum productivity without having to necessarily increase the employees’ working hours. This proposal seems to be sympathetic to the well being of the employees. However, when the matter is closely scrutinized, one sees that the measure remains benevolent to all. The meat packing industry or company is also bound to earn a positive corporate image as a corporate entity that factors the welfare of the employees by not overworking them. The society in point is also bound to receive products from a company that produces quality based meat products since proper time is taken to pack meat products. In this case, matters touching on negligence and anomalies in packing are extirpated. However, it is important to note that the utilitarian doctrine of According to Putnam and Langerman (2002), the recommendation that stronger worker compensation laws be set in place is also necessary as it will allow for the setting of penalties that are commensurate too. The setting up of stronger worker compensation as is proposed by US OSHA and Consul Jose Cuevas will also be in instrumental in averting cases of employees being deluded by unscrupulous employers. In almost the same wavelength, the entrenchment of stronger compensation laws will ensure the extirpation of cases of negligence from the side of employers as the employers will seek to avoid the high charges being exacted on the meat packing industry in the form of fines or employee compensation. The validity of this measure is promising, due to the fact that ever since the creation of Section 1910 Subpart 1 of OSHA regulations, cases of employers neglecting the plight of their employees assuaged by 55% in the first year alone (Humphrey 2005). Although the principle of Utilitarianism of the proceeds being beneficent to all may seem to be antithetical against the above rationale, yet, it is important to note that seldom do companies that do not have moral and political good will attain ultimate good. Even if a corporate expedition such as the one listed above may portend some liabilities for the meat packing industries, the fact that it has good will towards employees will reward the company with good public relations. It is against the backdrop of the above situation that Emmanuel Kant, being a utilitarian, quipped that good is that which is totally akin to the concept of goodwill- not profit. This totally supports the deontological notion that all industrial measures to safeguard the safety of the worker, if the principle of intrinsic goodness is operational. It is also true that ever since the inception of Section 1910 Subpart 303 that regulates the working standards in industrial sector; there was a steep plummeting of cases of poor working standards as employers took to escape the legal dragnet by uplifting the working conditions. It can therefore be easily and rightly surmised that the entrenchment of policies that would allow the upholding of international standards in the meat packing industry will inculcate OSHA policies and ideal working conditions. At the same time, the internationalization of meat packing safety conditions will be instrumental in ensuring a healthy competition among different meat packaging companies.

Contemporary Issues in Strategic Marketing

Contemporary Issues in Strategic Marketing Contemporary Issues in Strategic Marketing Your manager has been to a marketing seminar on The Service Dominant Logic. He has asked you to produce a paper on the implications of implementing an SDK programme within the firm embraces both the strategic and tactical implications and the costs and the benefits. Implications of service-dominant logic Nowadays, we need to set up strategies and tactics in a new way due to the huge changes happening in both consuming and marketing environment. Due to the more and more important role marketing plays in corporate operation, understanding and implementing strategy from marketings view could offer firms a useful means to reconfigure corporate value and management concept. In 2007, the revised definition of marketing by AMA (American Marketing Association) illustrates that marketing is a system of vale transaction in essence. Briefly, all forms of goods should be regarded as service. Goods are the physical expression of one or more capabilities, and product is the main type that companies offer, while service, according to Vargo and Lusch (2004), is the application of specialized competences (knowledge and skills). Stephen L. Vargo Robert F. Lusch (2004) also explained that marketing has shifted from the goods-dominant logic (G-D Logic) to service–dominant logic (S-D Logic) which is applicable to all marketing offers (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). They further identified that in fact, all economy is the service economy, and product is just the carrier and physical appearance of the service (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). Apparently, what firms offer is the physical product, but in fact all what they supply is just one kind of service, one solution. Kotler (1977) indicated that the real importance of product to us is not the ownership but the service that we could get from them. Also, there is a growing focus o n services in the marketing because service industry dominants the worlds economy nowadays, for example, eighty percent of the current U.S. GDP is derived from the services industry, which employs over 80% of all employees (Ford and Bowen, 2008). The S-D logic intimates a very different kind of purpose and process for marketing activity and for the firm as a whole: to provide service to stakeholders, including customers, stockholders, and employees (Lusch and Vargo 2006, p. 283). All companies should notice that the real implication of serve-dominant logic is the customer satisfaction not the continual innovation and improvement of products, unless this kind of innovation and improvement is for better satisfying customer needs. Firms blind focus on improving products quality and technology would let them ignore the change of customer needs, which will keep them away from customers. Whenever companies can have the service-dominant view, they will be more rational to make strategies. Especially when managing production innovation, firms will not only keep an eye on the product itself but develop the production more efficient based on the services need to be satisfied. So under the serve-dominant logic, firms should firstly be c ustomer-oriented, continually satisfy customer needs; then firms should enhance the service consciousness and improve service quality, which is a fundamental approach to attract new customer, build customer satisfaction and cultivate customer loyalty (Brodie and Little, 2006). A significant change over the 100 years is that customers could actively choose their favourite products from only passively accept corporate product. This is the result of the market competition, is the inevitable phenomenon among the transformation from the sellers market to the buyers market. In the traditional product times, corporate implement the market-and-sell producing value, producers and consumers are completely separated (Baker, 2003, P454). In the past, companies blindly manufacture, ignoring whether or not customers will accept, what they only care is selling products out for profit. However, this method isnt effective anymore because current customers have a lot of alternative choices, part of them are even finicky, they will only choose the product and service satisfying their needs, they will not waste any interest on anything they dont like. In consideration of this situation, more and more companies become smarter. They abandon the obsolete production concept, turn ing to use the sense and response marketing view as the guide, put customers in the core position of the corporate operation. More than that, firms start to involve customers in the process of product design, producing, evaluation. During the whole process of value creation, customers is no longer a passively accepter, but be regarded as the co-producer. The key element of value creation is to cooperate with customers (Normannand Ramirez, 1993). Thus it can be seen that, customer participation is extraordinary important to companies, the interaction between customers and firms is extremely important, especially for the future corporate. In his book â€Å"future shock†, Alvin Toffer explained the upcoming â€Å"experiential industry†, in which customers would not only satisfy with the basic functions products and services offer, they would be willing to allocate high percentages of their salaries to live amazing experiences (Toffler, 1994). In this kind of â€Å"experience economy†, companies will never again simply produce goods, but become an experience platform, co-create value with the customers. Dell and Starbucks are both good examples. Corporate could be regarded as an aggregation of various resources, validly managing these resources could create profit and value. Firms used to believe that tangible resources such as the land, equipment, and materials are the most important assets, because without these resources, companies are unable to organize manufacture. However, in the current service-dominant times, the key resources have changed to be intangible resources like knowledge, experience, technology and innovation etc (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). It can be said that they are base of corporate competence and core capability. This is not to say that those tangible resources are not important any more, but that their importance has comparably diminished, which is because that the buyers market is the dominant in the current economic environment, customers have unprecedented wide range of choices and their needs are escalating, only the high knowledge and technology based products will be favoured by customers. On the o ther hand, simple physical product without high knowledge and technology is losing competence, which prompts companies to transfer to the knowledge and technology intensive ones. Constantin and Lusch (1994) defined the physical and natural resources to be the operand resources, while the knowledge, technology and innovation kind of resources are be defined as the operant resources (Constantin and Lusch, 1994). This transaction of the focus of resource reveals one fact which is that current corporate competition is no longer the simple competition based on the product, but the full competition based on the knowledge, technology and human resources. If company want to be the winner in such intensively competitive environment, it must set up its own core capability and competitive advantage. Modern corporations more and more emphasize on transferring value from the tangible resources to intangible resources, insisting on creating corporate value through operant resources (Vargo and Lus ch, 2004). S-D Logic emphasizes that knowledge is the fundamental source of competitive advantage, as based on a firms ability to make differentiated use of information flow throughout its value creation chain of suppliers, distributors, and customers (Ford and Bowen, 2008). Also, the transaction of focus of resources requires corporate to make an important change on strategies, which is to be the learning organization. Only learning could increase the group knowledge, experience etc intangible assets in the organization, could create core value. Firms not only need to carry out the internal learning, but also turn its attention to the broader external environment and the whole value chain. Not only requires adaptive learning but also innovative learning. It is indicated by S-D Logic that customer value is created through service experiences and relationships, especially in the co-creation and sharing of resources, including skills and knowledge (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006). Within the S-D Logic, the customers is a prosumer and co-creator of value, which can lead benefits to both themselves and service providers (Baker, 2003, P461). In the product times, value is almost decided by the producer, value is included in the tangible resources, reflect on the product; however, in the current service times, value is decide by the consumers. Whether or not one product is valuable, how much value it has, thats not producers call, after consumers judgement, its value is embodied in the consumers recognition and acceptance. So this is like that a drop of water is much more valuable than a diamond in the dessert, which is determined by peoples needs. The definition of Customer Perceived Value (CPV) given by Kotler (2003) is the differenc e between the prospective customers evaluation of all benefits and all the costs of an offering and the perceived alternatives (Kotler, 2003, P60). So it can be seen that value relies on customers perception and judgement to a large extent. Customers will make their most important judgments of value received through direct service interactions with firms and on service-ability of goods-in-use (Ballantyne and Aitken, 2007). It can also be said that the time-logic of marketing exchange is open-ended, from pre-sale service interaction to post-sale value-in-use (Ballantyne and Varey, 2006). Baker (2003) said that: â€Å"all marketing is about value proposition.† (Baker, 2003, P452). The service-dominant logic brings marketing innovation to the fore through the sharing of new ideas and knowledge within the firm, and between the firm and key customers and suppliers (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006). The effect of transition of value determination on strategy is that corporate must implement the innovation process and service progress based on the customers, play close attention to their need, opinions and suggestions, which means that marketing research, product test need to be taken regularly, ensuring customer needs could be satisfied. It is the only way to receive customers recognition and acceptance and let the value of product could express. Also, firms need to maintain stable long-term relationship with customers, set up various social, structural and emotional connections to enhance customer loyalty and customer lifetime value (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006).Lean solution which fits the S-D logic and the customers role as co-creator could be applied by companies make hands-on strategies, such as continuing improvements, do it right the first time, and management commitment (baker, 2003, P467). Also, there are some principles should be followed (Baker, 2003, P467; Womack and Jones, 2005b, P61): Solve the customers problem completed by ensuring that all the goods and services work, and work together. Do not waste the customers time. Provide exactly what the customer wants. Provide what is wanted exactly where it is wanted. Provide what is wanted where it is wanted exactly when it is wanted. Continually aggregate solutions to reduce the customers time and hassle. In the service times, companies more and more recognize the importance of customers who are the direct origin of profit. Old trading ideas do not emphasize the relationship with customers, ignoring customer needs and satisfaction lead to companys reducing profit and increasing costs. With the further deepen understanding, more and more emphasize on the core position of customers, companies gradually recognize the importance to keep the relationship with customers. This is also one result of the continual development of marketing theories applied to practices. During the process of development, many new concepts have been put forward, such as the Customer Lifetime Value (CLV), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Customer Equity (Kotler, 2003). Managers find out it is possible to reduce costs on one side, and attract more new customers by word-of mouth to receive more profit on the other side through building relationship with customers and maintaining customer loyalty. Strategically, corporate choose customers more carefully, they find out that it is not effective to be indiscriminate customer choosing. Companies discover that not all of the customers are profitable; some customers will even bring negative gearing to them, which is because the too high cost to get customers and/or too short customer lifetime circle, and this is called the lost-for-good customers type. Sherden proposed to change the â€Å"20-80† rule with the following: â€Å"20-80-30†, first 20% of customers contribute with 80% to the enterprise profit and half of these profits are used to cover the enterprise losses generated by the last 30% of the unprofitable customers (Sherden, 1994). According to this situation, companies start to consider how to measure customer value, how to identify profitable customers, which lead to the CLV evaluation. What companies could do is to model profit on both an annual basis and on a CLV basis to determine customer value in terms o f potential profits and CLV (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P63). For example, Electro plc collected data analyze its customer acquisition and retention economics at the segment level, by doing so it can clearly identify which segment need to be concentrated on and which one is the waste of investment (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P53). Through this assessment, companies could find out the most important customers and abandon those unprofitable customers. And adopt different marketing strategies and different resource distribution (such as different pricing policies, quality and level of service) to different categories of customers. Firms very focus on building up stable long-term relationship to achieve the supplier-customer win-win relationship (Baker, 2003, P469). IBM is good at it CRM, it can make the best use of every opportunity contacting with customers to impress them and increase loyalty to company, and finally enhance corporate profit and reduce cost (IBM, 2009). For example, its CRM outsourcing service provide reliable methods, new ideas and innovative thinking to help firms enhance customer-oriented marketing, sales and the effectiveness and efficient of services (IBM, 2009). When companies are pursuing the long-term development, especially when we hope to build a permanent operating institution, we must have a broad view, not only focus on customers current value, but also create and enhance customers lifetime value. Firstly, companies need to ensure the quality of its products could satisfy customers need; then, companies need to be able to provide good â€Å"consumption experience† to attract customer participation and build their loyalty to your brand. Tactics could be that firms not only provide after-sale service, but actively offer lifetime service, cultivate â€Å"lifetime customers†, create lifetime value in further (Lusch, Vargo, and Malter 2006). CRM regards that the total value of the firms customer base is an important driver of company profitability (Kotler, 2003, P52). In order to set up a comprehensive customer database, high-quality, timely, and accurate information need to be collected such as customers demographics, past purchase etc and then put into a data warehouse. And the database could be used by companies on marketing like to identify customer response, make attractive or timely offers ect. However, Kotler (2003) also identified three problems of database marketing: firstly, companies need to spend a large investment in computer hardware, database, software, analytical programs, communication links, and skilled personnel to build and maintain a customer database; secondly, it is difficult to get everyone in the company to be customer-oriented in and to use the available information; thirdly, customer may not want to keep a relationship with the company, some of whom may even think that their personal informatio n should not be collected (Kotler, 2003, P55). And some real examples tell us that the database marketing is not helpful to every companys CRM, reasons of failure of CRM implementation could be the high cost, poorly designed system, ignorance by collaborators (Kotler, 2003, P56). Conclusively, we are facing a totally different consumption and marketing environment, so we should also change our ideological foundation of making strategies. Major changes include that marketing has shifted from the goods-dominant logic to service–dominant logic; customers could actively choose their favourite products; the key resources have changed to be intangible resources; customers become a co-creator of value; maintaining customer relationship becomes more and more important to companies. So strategic and tactical implications to companies are: be customer-oriented, continually satisfy customer needs; enhance the service consciousness and improve service quality; increase customer participation; marketing research, product test need to be taken regularly to ensure customer needs could be satisfied; carry out adaptive learning and innovative learning within the company. Two main types of benefits could be brought to companies: reduce costs and increase profit and valu e through CRM. However, the initial investment is expensive, and it is hard to make ensure everyone one in the company could be customer-oriented, also, some customers may refuse to maintain relationship with firms. Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, and the tactics is the specific actions implementing strategy(Johnson and Scholes, 2002, P 10). New Definition of Marketing (est. in 2007): Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large( AMA, 2007). â€Å"Future shock† is a book written by the sociologist and futurologist Alvin Toffer in 1970 The Pareto principle ( also knows the â€Å"20-80† rule) states that it is possible for 80% of the companys profit to be provided by 20% of the total number of customers (Sherden, 1994). Customer lifetime value (CLV) is defined as the net present value of the future profit flow over a customers lifetime (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P62) According to Bill Inmon (1992), a data warehouse is a database that contains the following four characteristics: subject oriented, non-volatile, integrated and time variant (Todman, 2001, P32). 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