Academic Qualification Ensures Success in Life Essay

The definition of success differs from person to person and field to field. One could take economic success as a touchstone to label a person successful in life, ignoring his of her other failures, like divorce, health, inefficiency, etc. Others may look at a capacity for overcoming challenges, irrespective of what someone earns and the nature of their private life. So who is a successful person and who is a failure? Do school and college grades and examination results provide a way of predicting or ensuring future success? If that is true, then we should encourage as many young people as possible to go to university and work hard to gain formal qualifications. But is it true? Aren’t some college drop-outs like Bill Gates and Richard Branson hugely successful icons of success? And should we automatically consider the millions of young people who have not had the opportunity to gain academic certificates to be failures in life? Success never depends upon grades. If success and opportunities were measured by grades then the corporate world and potential marriage partners would not ask for biodata in resumes, where other qualifications are also mentioned. Nor would they interview the prospects in order to find out what they are like as people, rather they would give a blind appointment to the people with the best paper qualifications. So qualifications alone are never enough, success depends upon physical characteristics, personality, and a willingness to work hard. Success is not getting a grade or a degree, if that was it then why aren’t all the graduates from Harvard, Oxford or Cambridge uniformly successful? The rule of success is hard work and destiny of course. If a student of engineering gets good grades but he is not practically effective in relationship-buildings and solving crises or proper planning, even though he may be successful in getting a job but it will not lead him far. On the way he is sure to fade out. If you look into a directory of successful people who are doctors, engineers and IT professionals, then you will notice that many of them dream to be employed by people like Bill Gates or Richard Branson, who are prosperous despite not having college degrees. In other words, prosperity does not depend upon academic qualifications but upon opportunities provided by entrepreneurs who may not be necessarily be highly educated. Successful entrepreneurs even benefit from not having academic qualifications, because going to college and taking examinations forces people to learn and think like millions of other graduates. This actually makes it less likely that they will come up with the truly mould-breaking insights and â€Å"disruptive† ideas on which successful innovations and new business models are built. Unfortunately the materialistic world has changed the concept of success. It has become a rat-race where every student chases grades and therefore the entire perception of success and prosperity has changed. Rather than studying to reach our full potential, we do it because we think it is necessary for a successful career. So we spend ten years in school and a few more years of our precious life in college to get educated, then more time is passed in hunting for jobs. Even after that we may find ourselves in the wrong profession and lacking job satisfaction. And then recession comes along, when we are told that our wealth has been blown away by the foolishness of expensive fat-salaried CEOs. Now comes a time when we go to work with a constant fear of losing the job we don’t enjoy. Is this the correct understanding of prosperity? So now the definition of success is changed. If you are able to save your job then you are successful! Can academic qualification stop us from becoming a civilization of drunkards, rapists and war-mongers, marked by broken families, domestic violence and crime? If you look at countries where the largest number of people have higher academic qualifications, they are the ones most affected by social breakdown. And would you call the conduct of the US wars on Iraq and Afghanistan a successful example of the superiority of the US economy and society? In fact true success is shown in having the moral courage to speak out against atrocities and injustice, showing generosity towards the poor, and respecting our parents. These are characteristics which are found in people from all social and educational backgrounds, but often absent in many educated Americans and Europeans, in spite of the universities they have been to and the grades they have achieved. Often academic qualifications have no real relevance to the jobs graduates are employed to do. A few decades ago employers in areas such as banking, engineering, management and government service recruited people straight from school at the age of 15 or 16, training them on the job and promoting them to higher levels of responsibility according to their ability. Today none of these jobs has changed very much, but all now require applicants have a university degree. Why has this changed? One reason is that the upper and middle classes are trying to protect their own jobs – demanding new recruits have expensive academic qualifications excludes many talented young people from poorer backgrounds.

The Life of a Crime Scene Investigator

The Life of a Crime Scene Investigator Isabella McCarty Williams Everest University Online (Orlando Campus) The Life of a Crime Scene Investigator The career I have chosen is a Crime Scene Investigator known as a CSI. In this research paper we will discuss the job details, salary, and the guidelines on collecting evidence. It is important that I cover these things to explain the importance of this career. Hope you enjoy the mind-bending information provided. Hi everyone, I am studying to be a Crime Scene Investigator (a. k. a. CSI).When working in the criminal investigation field, there are certain things you must know or learn. It takes years of training and schooling to be a CSI when you think you are done, your wrong. CSI’s are constantly going back to school and going through more training just to keep their license. That’s enough about that right now. I wish you luck for you are in a world full of surprises! We will first be discussing the job details of a Crime Sc ene Investigator. A CSI works in an office of their job assignment Monday-Friday from 8:30am-4:30pm for 8 hours of fun and exciting tasks.What I found to be interesting was a CSI must â€Å"successfully complete a minimum of 720 hours of training in crime scene processing, with a minimum of 80 hours of training in latent fingerprint processing, 40 hours in major death investigation, 40 hours in advanced death investigations, 40 hours in photography, 40 hours in blood spatter interpretation, and other training courses in arson investigation and forensic pathology. In addition, the crime scene investigator must be certified by the International Association for Identification, Crime Scene Certification Board, within 18 months as a crime scene investigator. (N. A. , Crime Scene Investigator Job Details, N. A. ) Also as a CSI you must obtain contact with the law enforcement officials at all levels, state and federal prosecutors, county coroners, medical examiners and pathologists in per son or by telephone, on a professional basis. This is a great way to stay on top of the crimes and promiscuous things going on in the forensic field. These are the job details of a CSI, it is not easy becoming or staying licensed as you can tell from the previous information listed above. Next we will be talking about the salary of a Crime Scene Investigator.CSI salary is within the range of $37,960 to $99,980 a year. Out of the many industries where CSI's can be employed, the local government ranks the highest when it comes to providing jobs to crime scene investigators. The Bureau of Labor and Statistics says that â€Å"detectives and criminal investigators in the District of Columbia earns the highest wages; having an annual mean wage of $94,620, and an hourly mean wage of $45. 49. † (N. A. , Crime Scene Investigator Salary, 2012) As you can see Crime Scene Investigators get a decent pay, but most of the money they receive goes to schooling and surviving.The salary of a CS I is immaculate and definitely worth the time and effort put forth. Lastly, we will look at the guidelines for collecting evidence. When collecting evidence the guidelines are strict, they are strict because in some cases if you don’t follow them you could lose all the evidence you have. Also when taking pictures of evidence at night you have to â€Å"make sure you adjust your camera’s position, time of exposure, and supplemental lighting so the camera can â€Å"see† what you see. † (N. A. , Crime Scene Resources, 2000-2012) Another interesting fact from this website is there are over 200 ways to collect and process a finger print.When collecting evidence you cannot make any mistakes. If you make one mistake that could be someone’s entire life in your hands. In this essay we have reviewed the Crime Scene Investigators job details, salary, and the guidelines for collecting evidence. In conclusion, it takes a lot to become a good CSI it comes with ex cellent pay and great skills and knowledge. I suggest if you want to go into this field be ready to have a continuous line of schooling and be ready to face new obstacles every day.I thank you for taking the time out to read this essay and hope you have learned and found this field as interesting as I have. References N. A. (2000-2012) Become a forensic investigator. Retrieved from http://http://www. crime-scene-investigator. net/ N. A. (2012) A crime scene investigator’s salary. Retrieved from http://www. criminaljusticeschoolinfo. com/crime-scene-investigator-salary. html N. A. (N. D. ) A crime scene investigator’s job details. Retrieved from http://www. feinc. net/csi-desc. html

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Essays

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Essays Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Essay Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Essay Understanding household force in the armed forces is an of import concern because of the alone emphasiss faced by military households on a day-to-day footing that could put them at greater hazard for household disfunction. Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can make a nerve-racking life style for military households. In the mid to late 1990s advocators and militants, were able to carry policy shapers that domestic force constituted a societal job specifically for the military. American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military forces to states around the universe, supplying military mans chances to run into and socialise with local adult females. Immigrant position keeps many adult females from seeking aid or go forthing the opprobrious relationship, fearing they ca nt inquire for aid and exile. The military mans tried to forestall their immigrant married womans from deriving independency or go forthing the matrimony. The armed forces s attack to forest all, place and step in with domestic force relies to a great extent on the Family Advocacy Program ( FAP ) . Introduction Family force may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall emphasis degrees associated with the military life style ( e.g. , frequent separations, long work hours, unsafe work environment, etc. ) . Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can make a nerve-racking life style for military households. Surveies have proven long deployments increase the opportunities of returning with combat injury, as a consequence heightens the hazard of domestic force ( Rentz et al. , 2006 ) . Understanding household force in the armed forces is an of import concern because of the alone emphasiss faced by military households on a day-to-day footing that could put them at greater hazard for household disfunction. Members of the armed forces are frequently required to relocate to another metropolis, province, or state, frequently ensuing in a break to household life. They besides tend to work long hours and are capable to drawn-out separations in the signifier of schooling, impermanent assignments, or deployment, all of which may interfere with household duties ( Alvarez A ; Sontiag, 2008 ) . Domestic Violence in the Military: The History The Department of Defense has taken a clear stance against household force. In 1981, Department of Defense Directive 6400.1 required each subdivision of military service ( Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps ) to set up ( a ) a Family Advocacy Program to forestall and handle child ill-treatment and partner maltreatment and ( B ) a confidential cardinal register to roll up and analyse Family Advocacy Program informations ( Department of Defense, 2004 ) . It is ill-defined whether or non household force would be more common among military households than among civilian households. Family force may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall emphasis degrees associated with the military life style ( e.g. , frequent separations, long work hours, unsafe work environment, etc. ) . Soldiers are capable to deployments and resettlements that can frequently take to a separation from equals and community support webs. Frequent and extended separations may hold a profound impact on matrimonies, peculiarly those of short continuance, because they present a window of chance for the partner left behind to research independency and develop other relationships. For those relocated to installings located outside of the Continental United States, societal and cultural isolation is reasonably common ( Rentz et al. , 2006 ) . There is an increasing figure of active responsibility military ( ADM ) adult females, like their civilian opposite numbers, at hazard for domestic force ( DV ) . This survey illustrates active responsibility military adult females s attitudes and picks refering the armed forces s policy on domestic force. 474 ADM adult females from all services were interviewed via telephone. Nineteen of whom had experienced DV during their military service ( Gielen et al. , 2006 ) . During the survey, ADM adult females were afraid if they were to describe domestic force it would endanger their occupation. In fact, a higher proportion of military adult females thought regular showing would escalate future maltreatment ( Gielen et al. , 2006 ) . This may be related to the military context in which there is compulsory coverage and a deficiency of confidentiality. United States Military Culture Gender-based force, such as sexual torment, colza, and domestic force, is a planetary phenomenon that occurs among military households and within military communities, during peace clip and in clip of war. A figure of research workers and militants have argued that military civilization, shared norms, for illustration, sing maleness, gender, force, and adult females, is contributing to ravish and sexual torment, every bit good as domestic force ( Adelman, 2003 ) . In the United States, nevertheless, it was non until the mid to late 1990s that advocators and militants, working both within and outside of the military, were able to carry policy shapers that domestic force constituted a societal job specifically for the military. Widespread media coverage of military-generated sexual torment and sexual assault dirts every bit good as coverage of high rates of domestic force in the U.S. military in Time magazine s and 60 Minutes s motivated the Department of Defense to turn to domestic force in the military ( Adelman, 2003 ) . Civilian advocators for beat-up adult females every bit good as military forces warn that domestic force injuries servicewomen and civilian adult females ( and their kids ) who are married to military military mans. It besides has been argued that domestic force goes against the institutional values of the military and negatively affects military preparedness ( Adelman, 2003 ) . These include creative activity of a undertaking force, beef uping of coverage protocols, sweetening of the Family Advocacy Program, and encouragement to make public notice between civilian and military governments. Military policies sing domestic force diverge from civilian attacks in several important ways. What constitutes a condemnable misdemeanor, for illustration, and who substantiates a ailment of domestic force conform to the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ, n.d. ) . Privacy and confidentiality are non guaranteed within the military system, which mandates the coverage to unit commanding officers of suspected instances of domestic force sing forces under their supervising. Military responses to domestic force differ most clearly from civilian, state-based responses in that the societal control mechanism doubles as the wrongdoer s employer. In the United States, the armed forces or the military base constitutes a comparatively stray and independent societal and legal entity that produces and is governed by its ain linguistic communication, norms, and Torahs. This reflects the idealised distance and legal division between military and civilian life in the United States, and as a consequence, surveies of domestic force in the U.S. military are based on a separation between the civil and the military, doing it hard to carry on comprehensive or comparative research. Orders of protection obtained in a civilian tribunal, for illustration, may non be enforced within the federal legal power of a military base and frailty versa. Much of the concern with and research on military civilization and relationships between military civilization and domestic force have been generated in the United States or in states that host U.S. military bases, due to a figure of high-profile instances of sexual torment, colza, and domestic homicide in the U.S. military ( Adelman, 2003 ) . Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence Although the Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence ( DTFDV ) has made a serious effort to turn to many of the concerns related to domestic force in the military, its analysis of banging is extremely flawed in cardinal subdivisions of the study. As a consequence, the study includes inappropriate recommendations for intercessions and redresss. Battering is described as an person, clinical job in the subdivision on preparation of military officers and the subdivision on wrongdoer answerability. No attending is given to the social attitudes and belief systems that support such force and no differentiations are made between normal matrimonial differences and the form of power and control that characterizes domestic force ( DOD, 2004 ; Rosenthal A ; McDonald, 2003 ) . The DTFDV study strongly recommends that developing be provided to military officers and nowadayss information that should be included in such preparation. However, there is a troublesome accent within this information on choler direction as a redress in some domestic force instances. The information states that anger direction categories should merely be utilized in low degree emotional ill-treatment instances where there has been no physical force . Classifying any domestic force instance as low degree is debatable and indicates confusion about the kineticss of this specific form of behaviour. Domestic force is non about mundane statements and crossnesss between twosomes. The form of behaviour that is by and large defined as domestic force involves coercive, intimidating, terrorization, and commanding behaviour by one spouse toward another. Situations in which such a form is present by and large involve non merely emotional ill-treatment but besides menaces of force that can r apidly intensify into physical maltreatment ( Rosenthal A ; McDonald, 2003 ) . Reports of Parental Spousal Violence In the military, household force straight jeopardizes the household s fiscal security. A beat-up married woman frequently protects the military hubby against legal proceedings initiated by the armed forces. The military besides may be more likely to protect officers accused of bridal force as compared to enlisted soldiers. Surveies indicate that kids can accurately describe on bridal force. In the military, 95 % of spousal force occurs in the place and 43 % of victims study that kids witness the maltreatment. The survey demonstrated that there was as general tendency for more bridal force in the military households with slapping, throwing objects, and an overall step of force separating between the military and civilian groups. These differences persisted even when commanding for cultural background and military rank. Spousal force was significantly higher in commissioned officers as compared to enlisted forces. The current survey does non turn to whether the military environment contributes to increased spousal force or whether persons prone to abusive behaviour are more likely to fall in the military ( Cronin, 1995 ) . Immigration and Domestic Violence Each twelvemonth, 100s of 1000s of adult females enter the United States as a partner of a U.S. citizen or legal lasting occupant, coming to the United States with important disadvantages in societal position and resources compared with their male spouses. Womans whose immigrant position is attached to their hubbies U.S. citizenship enjoy slightly greater legal protection than do undocumented immigrant adult females, but they excessively are vulnerable due to the construction of in-migration jurisprudence ( MSCFV, n.d. ) . Immigrant position keeps many adult females from seeking aid from maltreatment or go forthing the opprobrious relationship. Undocumented adult females fear that if they ask for aid, the wellness or societal service supplier will turn them in for exile. However, even battered immigrant adult females with legal immigrant position feel vulnerable to exile should they seek aid. Asiatic and Latino immigrant adult females with bridal visas tied to their maltreaters besides report that frights of exile maintain their engagement with their batterer ( Erez A ; Bach, 2003 ) . The United States is considered a state of immigrants. However, who is allowed to lawfully immigrate has varied over clip. U.S. in-migration and naturalisation Torahs have shaped the ensuing immigrant pool in footings of gender, race or nationality, sexual orientation, and matrimonial position. Subsequent alterations in in-migration policy, including an amnesty enterprise in the mid-1980s, led to heterosexual household reunion and an addition in the Numberss of adult females and kids who migrated to the United States. Such gendered and sexualized forms reflect how in-migration and naturalisation jurisprudence serves to patrol the purported moral every bit good as political boundaries of the state. These in-migration Torahs affect why, when, how, and with whom adult females immigrate and their experiences of domestic force subsequent to arrival in the United States ( Erez, Adelman, A ; Gregory, 2009 ; Raj A ; Silverman, 2002 ) . Some adult females reported that the addition in emotional, sexual, and physical maltreatment coincided with immigration-specific activities such as come ining the state, registering in-migration documents, or accessing societal public assistance systems. The bulk of adult females who came with their partners reported that the passage and move to the United States altered the kineticss of the relationship: He has had more power to pull strings in the U.S. because I am illegal and depended on him and I did nt hold any rights here ( Erez et al. , 2009 ) . Although jurisprudence is non deliberately gender biased, one that creates a status-marriage dependence, such as in-migration jurisprudence, makes immigrant adult females more vulnerable to the domestic force power moral force. Military Brides American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military forces to states around the universe, supplying military mans chances to run into and socialise with local adult females. Some members of the Armed Forces stationed abroad signifier confidant which they are deployed, doing these adult females military brides, viz. , nonnative adult females who marry U.S. military forces. For case, the deployment of U.S. military personnels in Asiatic states has resulted in more than 200,000 Nipponese, Vietnamese, Thai, Korean, and Filipino adult females get marrieding U.S. service members and immigrating to the United States since World War II. On reaching in this state, military brides become immigrants and are capable to U.S. in-migration Torahs, which by and large give, with few exclusions, a partner ( or parent ) control over the in-migration position of their dependants ( Erez A ; Bach, 2003 ) . The military mans tried to forestall their immigrant married womans from deriving independency or go forthing the matrimony. Some hubbies prohibited the adult females from looking for employment. One adult female stated that the force occurred while she was on the telephone discoursing a occupation. Another adult female noted that she could merely work when her maltreater was out of the house. Attempts by the adult females to take some actions to halt the maltreatment besides triggered force: [ Violence occurred ] following meetings with an lawyer or military functionaries ( Erez A ; Bach, 2003 ) . Without exclusion, the adult females interviewed reported that their hubbies ( or fiance in one instance ) used their in-migration position as a arm against them. The maltreatment tactics included menaces to describe them to immigration governments, to inform the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) about presumed jurisprudence misdemeanors, to take away the kids, or to behave the adult females ( Erez A ; Bach, 2003 ) . Without any close household or friends nearby, the adult females did non hold any gloss of the societal and cultural support webs that are available to other military married womans. The immigrant adult females could non go place, nor could they name or pass on with relations or friends. They were non familiar with the civilian community around them and did non hold the benefit of an immigrant community to turn to for support or advice. Without the presence of household, friends, or community, the isolation and impotence intensified ( Raj A ; Silverman, 2002 ) . Lack of linguistic communication accomplishments increases immigrant adult females s isolation, precludes entree to information, and farther bounds their employment chances. In reacting to domestic force in the armed forces, particular attending should be paid to adult females whose fortunes involve multiple exposures, such as military brides. Marital ties of immigrant adult females to opprobrious work forces combine military and immigration-related maltreatment and dependence, whether existent or perceived. The survey demonstrates that in-migration position can go an extra arm in the armory of opprobrious military spouses. As immigrant adult females are frequently non cognizant of or informed about legal protections and available services, 10 immigration-related maltreatments can go an effectual tool of control and domination. In visible radiation of the big figure of intimate partnerships formed between American military forces stationed abroad and nonnative adult females, the malt reatment possible inherent in such relationships warrants particular attending by the armed forces in its attempts to turn to domestic force ( Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence, 2002 ) . It is of import to remind all who work with beat-up adult females and immigrant communities that we must make what is necessary to better the lives of beat-up immigrant adult females and their kids. Members of immigrant communities, battered adult females s advocators, research workers, policy shapers, and most significantly, battered immigrant adult females must join forces in planing these attempts. Defense Department s Family Advocacy Program The Department of Defense created a Family Advocacy Program ( FAP ) , supplying victims with resources that would assist acquire to safety and back on their pess. The plan is available on each military base, and consists of co-ordinated attempts designed to forestall, place, study and handle all facets of kid maltreatment and disregard, and domestic maltreatment. Each base besides has a victim s advocator who work with the unit s FAP ( DOD, 2004 ) . Licensed counsellors, psychologists and societal workers make up the military victim advocator. They are knowing about the procedure military forces and their households can take to turn to domestic force. They besides have available a list of resources, healers, and shelters that will help victims and their households. Advocates and advisers work with the victim, reding the person of available options ( DOD, 2004 ) . Commanding officers are finally responsible for keeping good order and subject among military forces. Although all the Military Services provide developing to help commanding officers in understanding their functions and duties related to command, the course of study and continuance vary by Service. Department of Defense Directive ( DoDD ) 6400.1 authorizations that the Family Advocacy Program ( FAP ) office notify a service member s dominating officer when an act of maltreatment has allegedly occurred. The directing mandates the instruction and preparation of cardinal forces on policy and effectual steps to relieve jobs associated with kid and partner maltreatment. The directive, nevertheless, does non specify cardinal forces ( Klimp A ; Tucker, 2001 ) . The services have implemented this policy in changing ways, to include everything from single briefings with commanding officers one time they have assumed bid places on an installing to a group developing format. The Army provides specific instructions on briefing commanding officers via Army Regulation 608-18, the Army FAP. The Navy s counsel is lineations on OPNAVINST 1752.2A, FAP, observing that commanding officers shall guarantee that the bid is trained on the designation and bar of household force, coverage demands, and bid, community, and FAP response consciousness as regular professional development preparation ( Klimp A ; Tucker, 2001 ) . The Air Force provides counsel in Air Force Instruction 40-301, FAP and the Marine Corps provides counsel for commanding officer preparation in MCOP 1752.3B, Marine Corps FAP Standing Operation. Unit of measurement commanding officers at installings with a household service centre should obtain a FAP brief from the FAP director within 45 yearss of presuming bid ( Klimp A ; Tucker, 2001 ) . The Department of Defense does non mandate domestic force preparation specifically for military commanding officers. However, the DOD advises the Services to supply instruction and preparation for cardinal forces. Installations vary in their readings of the directive, and, as a consequence, some plans have more deepnesss than others. The armed forces s attack to forestall, place and step in with domestic force relies to a great extent on FAP. Given they operate under the counsel of qualified mental wellness professionals they are readily available to help those military forces and their households with their demands. Drumhead Domestic force includes but non limited to the wilful bullying, physical assault and battery against an intimate spouse or kid. It besides includes emotionally opprobrious and commanding behaviour that establishes a form of laterality and control ( NCADV, 2005 ) . Even though domestic force is neer acceptable, mental wellness professionals know firsthand how the sort of intense emphasis experienced by military members frequently leads to opprobrious behaviours. In the 2008 New York Times article When Strains on Military Families Turn Deadly, the writers province that surveies illustrate the relationship between combat experience, injury, and domestic force. The article cited a 2006 survey which focused on veterans at a Veterans Affairs medical centre who sought matrimonial guidance between 1997 and 2003. They found that those with PTSD were significantly more likely to commit force toward their spouse. Surveies like these, and studies by those who work with military forces and their households, have many mental wellness practicians, military leaders, and policymakers concerned, and determined to happen solutions for countless victims, before it s excessively late. The NYT article mentioned several cases where mental wellness jobs associated with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars led to lay waste toing, lifelessly homicides, with a service member killing his partner, or kid, and sometimes turning the gun on himself afterwards ( Alvarez A ; So ntiag, 2008 ) . Future research is needed that explores household force in all subdivisions of the military. Surveies should besides concentrate on the coincident happening of child ill-treatment and partner maltreatment in military households. The civilian and military communities are urged to work toward utilizing common definitions and patterns to ease comparing of rates among the populations. It is of import to farther examine service handiness and use to find the impact on household force. Mentions: Adelman, M. ( 2003 ) . The Military, Militarism and the Militarization of domestic force. Violence Against Women, 9: 1118-1152. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1077801203255292. Alvarez, L. A ; Sontiag, D. ( 2008, February 15 ) . When strains on military households turn lifelessly. The New York Times. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html? pagewanted=2HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html? pagewanted=2 A ; _r=1 amp ; HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html? pagewanted=2 A ; _r=1 _r=1 Cronin, C. ( 1995 ) . Adolescent studies of parental spousal force in Military and civilian households. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10: 117-122. Department of the interior: 10.1177/088626095010001008. Department of Defense. ( 2004 ) . Department of Defense Directive 6400.1. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/640001p.pdf Erez, E. A ; Bach, S. ( 2003 ) . Immigration, domestic force, and the armed forces: The instance of Military Brides. Violence Against Women, 9: 1093-1117. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1077801203255289. Erez, E. , Adelman, M. A ; Gregory, C. ( 2009 ) . Intersections of in-migration and domestic force: Voices of battered immigrant adult females. Feminist Criminology, 4: 32-56. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1557085108325413. Gielen, A. , Campbell, J. , Garza, M. A. , OCampo, P. , Dienemann, J. , Kub, J. , A ; Lloyd, D. W. ( 2006 ) . Domestic Violence in the Military: Women s Policy Preferences and Beliefs Concerning Routine Screening and Mandatory Reporting. Military Medicine, 171 ( 8 ) , 729-735. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Klimp, J. W. A ; Tucker, T.T. ( 2001 ) . Domestic force. Arlington, VA: Task Force Mid-Shore Council on Family Violence. ( n.d. ) . Domestic force immigrant victims. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mscfv.org/dvstat.html National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. ( 2005 ) . Domestic Violence. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncadv.org/aboutus.php Raj, A. A ; Silverman, J. ( 2002 ) . Violence against immigrant adult females: The functions of civilization, context, and legal immigrant position on confidant spouse force. Violence Against Women, 8: 367-398. Department of the interior: 10.1177/10778010222183107. Rentz, D.E. , Martin, S.L. , Gibbs, D.A. , Clinton-Sherrod, M. Hardison, J. A ; Marshall, S. ( 2006 ) . Family force in the armed forces: A reappraisal of the literature. Trauma, Violence, A ; Abuse, 7: 93-108. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1524838005285916. Rosenthal, L. A ; McDonald, S. ( 2003 ) . Seeking justness: A reappraisal of the 2nd study of the defence undertaking force on domestic force. Violence Against Women, 9: 1153-1161. Department of the interior: 10.1177/1077801203255549. Uniform Code of Military Justice. ( n.d. ) Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ucmj.htm Part II: A Reflection Piece The Family Justice Center Abstraction The Family Justice Center ( FJC ) is merely that, a multi-agency service centre for victims of household force and their kids. FJC is comprised of multiple community spouses. With my legal background interning with the legal web was the best tantrum. My function consisted of testing domestic force ( DV ) victims, helping in the procedure of obtaining a impermanent restraining order ( TRO ) and supplying tribunal support. As a certified legal assistant and presently analyzing forensic psychological science I am happening it slightly hard to transgress my boundaries in executing double functions. The most ambitious policy to adhere is the makings for obtaining a TRO. It is hard to find what making constitutes person as being qualified for a TRO. Does a victim have to acquire beaten before using for a TRO? At what point do we warrant what qualifies? One of the Torahs that we do follow is the Dr. Jackie Campbell s Danger Assessment. The Danger Assessment ( DA ) was originally developed b y Co-Investigator Campbell with audience and content cogency support from battered adult females, shelter workers, jurisprudence enforcement functionaries, and other clinical experts on buffeting. As every multi-disciplinary squad is alone, it is of import to be cognizant of schemes to turn to challenges related to working in multi-disciplinary squads. Whether it is specifying functions, puting boundaries, or guaranting all squad members can lend every bit, schemes like these can assist multi-disciplinary squads address challenges they frequently encounter. Introduction There are many forensic psychological science scenes in which forensic psychological science professionals may work. Forensic psychological science professionals may work with wrongdoers in the tribunals, in prisons, in halfway houses, or in community scenes. Forensic psychological science professionals may besides work with offense victims in scenes such as domestic force shelters. There are many grounds why I chose the forensic psychological science puting I did for my field experience. The Family Justice Center The Family Justice Center ( FJC ) focuses on making a web nationally and internationally minimising household force. The centre besides provides, preparation, audience and host conferences. The FJC is comprised of multiple professionals and services such as a military affair, mental wellness services, a jurisprudence enforcement section, and a legal section. The FJC is merely that, a multi-agency service centre for victims of household force and their kids. This centre offers kids with close working relationships, shared preparation and proficient aid, collaborative acquisition procedures, and coordinated support aid ( FJC, 2009 ) . The FJC legal web s mission statement is to supply convenient and free legal services to victims of domestic force ( FJC, 2009 ) . FJC goes above and beyond their mission statement. They provide extra resources and centre s their attending merely on the single client. They provide a kid attention centre for clients with kids, a waiting room filled with drinks and bites is provided every bit good as little therapy suites equipped with comfy couch. The therapy room is where appraisals are conducted for privateness intents. Functions and Duties FJC is comprised of multiple community spouses. With my legal background interning with the legal web was the best tantrum. My function consisted of testing domestic force ( DV ) victims, helping in the procedure of obtaining a impermanent restraining order ( TRO ) and supplying tribunal support at tribunal hearings. Once the showing is conducted, I consult with my oversing lawyer to find if the client has measure uping elements to continue with a TRO. To measure up for a TRO through FJC, a client must hold one of the undermentioned relationships to the individual they want restrained: Spouse or former partner Person with whom you portion ( vitamin D ) a life infinite Have or had a dating/engagement relationship Parents of a kid Relative to the 2nd grade ( grandparents, but non cousins ) The individual they wish to hold restrained must ALSO hold committed one of these Acts of the Apostless: Recent physical force Recent menaces of physical force Harassment Recent sexual assault or molestation Stalking Verbal maltreatment ( merely when really severe ) ( FJC, 2009 ) . Ethical Issues The FJC takes every safeguard to follow all ethical codifications set upon all professionals within the organisation. As I mentioned before the FJC is comprised of assorted professionals such as investigators, counselors/psychologists and lawyers. Each professional has its ain ethical codifications to follow. The legal section follows same ethical codifications related to confidentiality and release of information ( APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 4 ; AP-LS, 2008: Forte Guideline 10 ) . Each client is required to travel through two showings before they move frontward with the legal section. A psychologist screens them and if there are seeable hurts, the client is seen by a forensic medical tester. At this clip, a release mandate signifier of the exposure is signed by client. This gives the organisation permission to utilize the exposure as grounds for tribunal hearings. Each client is required to subscribe a confidentiality understanding signifier prior to run intoing with the legal section. As stated above the organisation is besides comprised of constabulary officers and investigators. Police officers and investigators have their ain ethical codifications to follow. At times a client would get and would besides wish to register a constabulary study. At the minute the client is allowed to register a study. At no clip can the psychologist or lawyer be present during this clip. If a 3rd party was present during this clip, the 3rd party is entitled to attest in tribunal as a informant for the condemnable instance. It can acquire reasonably complicated. I ran into this job when helping with the client that was a investigator. As a certified legal assistant and presently analyzing forensic psychological science I found it slightly hard non to transgress my boundaries in executing double functions ( APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 3 ; AP-LS, 2008: Forte Guidelines 6 ) . Part of my duty prior to helping with the TRO I have to test them to find if they have adequate grounds to travel frontward with a TRO. Sometimes I find myself maneuvering towards a psychological appraisal merely to retrieve that I m testing for legal intents. Legal Issues With the legal field come many Torahs, ordinances and processs. The most ambitious policy to adhere is the makings for obtaining a TRO. It is hard to find what making constitutes person as being qualified for a TRO. Does a victim have to acquire beaten before using for a TRO? At what point do we warrant what qualifies? Although there are regulations and ordinances, at times I find some professional staff doing judgements based on their ain judgements. Harassment, Stalking and Severe verbal maltreatment are all hard to turn out. With the rise of facebook and chirrup, many are turning to societal networking as grounds. This is first-class cogent evidence. However, once more what constitutes as grounds? I had a client who was in her early 20 s. She has merely been in the country for two hebdomads and do nt hold friends or household. Her hubby is in the military and like my research portion of the paper she frequently felt stray. Her hubby was an opprobrious alky. He told her he owned everything. Because she does nt work and merely took attention of the childs she does nt have anything. She believed this. She was six hebdomads pregnant and her hubby shook her against the wall a twosome times. She came in to FJC with the purposes of seeking a TRO because she was tired of her hubby s verbal maltreatment. After discoursing this instance with my oversing lawyer, she felt the client did nt hold adequate grounds to travel frontward with a TRO. I had my personal sentiment on this. I thought she had more than plenty. She was six hebdomads pregnant and agitating her against the wall was a mark of more to come. Needless to state, my lawyer did non desire to travel frontward with a TRO but she said if I truly believe she needs one, proceed with one and I did. The TRO came back that afternoon granted. My lawyer had no remark nor did she praise me for a occupation good done. Dr. Jackie Campbell s Danger Assessment One of the Torahs that we do follow is the DR. JACKIE CAMPBELLS DANGER ASSESSMENT. The Danger Assessment ( DA ) instrument is designed to measure the likeliness of deadliness or near deadliness happening in a instance of domestic force. Even though abused adult females are reasonably good assessors of their ain hazard of re-assault, they frequently underestimate the hazard of homicide. The DA was developed in audience on point diction and content cogency from beat-up adult females, advocators, jurisprudence enforcement functionaries, and other clinical experts on banging. The initial DA points were developed from Dr. Jacqueline C. Campbell s research reexamining police Intimate Partner Homicide ( IPH ) records every bit good as reappraisals of other surveies of IPH or serious hurt from Intimate Partner Victim ( IPV ) ( Dangerassessment.org, 2005 ; Renzetti A ; Edleson, 2008 ) . The DA first assesses badness and frequence of banging by inquiring an abused adult female to tag on a calendar the approximative yearss when physically opprobrious incidents occurred, ranking their badness on a graduated table of 1 to 5. Using a calendar addition accurate callback in general and the DA calendar helps raise the adult female s consciousness and cut down the normal minimisation of IPV ( Renzetti A ; Edleson, 2008 ) . The 2nd portion of the original DA was a 15-item yes/no dichotomous response format of hazard factors associated with IPH. Both parts of the DA take about 20 proceedingss to finish. The adult female can finish the DA by herself or with professionals from the wellness attention, condemnable justness, or victim advocate systems. The original DA was scored by numbering the yes responses, with more yeses bespeaking more danger ( Dangerassessment.org, 2005 ; Renzetti A ; Edleson, 2008 ) . The degrees of danger and DA tonss are ( 1 ) variable danger ( 0-7 ) , ( 2 ) increased danger ( 8-13 ) , ( 3 ) severe danger ( 14-17 ) , and ( 4 ) extreme danger ( 18+ ) . The linguistic communication used to label the degrees of danger was chosen in audience with subsisters and advocators for its significance to abused adult females and in convey that even at the lowest degree ( variable danger ) , the hazard of deadly force is neer carelessness and can alter rapidly. The DA can assist adult females come to a more realistic assessment of their hazard every bit good as better the prognostic truth of those who are seeking to assist them ( Dangerassessment.org, 2005 ; Renzetti A ; Edleson, 2008 ) . The Danger Assessment is conducted by a investigator who has been certified as a danger assessment professional. Anyone can travel on-line, take the test and it certified. The legal section returns with advising both the San Diego Police and Sheriff s section with information on the maltreater and a warning to the officers to continue with cautiousness. We than continue to help the victim with all resources possible. Population Served The population served consisted of persons from assorted backgrounds. The age scope varied from a 16-year-old to a 50-year-old ; Educational background ranged from high school pupil to person with a unmarried man s grade ; There were at least two male clients a hebdomad obtaining TROs ; and we averaged of at least 2-3 instances each twenty-four hours affecting a military forces. Challenges Forensic psychological science professionals frequently work in a multi-disciplinary squad that encompasses diverse persons from assorted professional backgrounds. For case, forensic psychologists might work with persons from federal, province, or local jurisprudence enforcement bureaus ; with lawyers ; orA with persons from correctional and intervention installations. Although working in multi-disciplinary squads can turn out good, possible challenges such as power kineticss, differing point of views, and dissensions with roles/responsibilities might originate. As every multi-disciplinary squad is alone, it is of import to be cognizant of schemes to turn to challenges related to working in multi-disciplinary squads. Whether it is specifying functions, puting boundaries, or guaranting all squad members can lend every bit, schemes like these can assist multi-disciplinary squads address challenges they frequently encounter. I faced many challenges at the FJC. With multiple professionals with assorted certificates there is a possibility that person will hold a different position on an issue. The first challenge I saw on my first twenty-four hours came from the personality and attitudes of the investigators. Detectives have a demeanour about them. All investigators start off policing the streets as a constabulary officer. They finally get promoted to a detective place if that s the path they choose to take. They do nt wish to be questioned particularly if it s an issue they specialize in. For illustration, they know that domestic force can stop with a calamity. What they do nt cognize is non all impermanent restraining orders ( TRO ) are granted. In order for a justice to allow a TRO at that place has to be adequate grounds and valid cogent evidence that the individual necessitating protection is in immediate danger. To the investigators all DV victims are in danger and most police officers who respond to DV calls advise the victims to obtain a TRO ; small do they cognize that DV constabularies studies are non plenty as grounds. It varies from instance to instance. This is where the legal section and investigators do nt see oculus to oculus. A client was denied aid for a TRO. She could non turn out there was immediate danger or menaces made straight to her. The investigator on the instance had something to state about this. The investigator and the lawyer exchanged a few words and gratuitous to state the lawyer was right and a TRO neer followed. Effective schemes include but are non limited to carry oning meetings, seting self-importances aside and working as a squad versus a section. Each department/entity is in private funded but all associated with one organisation. Conducting frequent meetings can be effectual particularly when others can larn from it. As an intern I merely sit back and detect how each professional grips each state of affairs. Penetrations FJC is a great organisation that is good to all DV victims. It provides a topographic point where victims can obtain information all in one topographic point alternatively of holding to go to several different topographic points to guarantee they are safe from their batterer. FJC is a reasonably new organisation that will go on to turn in the many old ages to come. With each new organisation follows the demand for betterment. I started off my field experience puting my outlooks of the organisation really high. The organisation was created under the wing of a former City Attorney, how could I non? In the procedure of my experience, I discovered my oversing lawyer lacked leading experience. This was her first occupation in California and it was her foremost occupation as an lawyer. She had no experience with tribunal hearings or covering with clients. The lone experience she had was through her internships while traveling through jurisprudence school. There were multiple ethical issues I witnessed but to call them would intend I could travel on forever. She crossed the line of professionalism by befriending jurisprudence pupils who were interning. Her treatments were inappropriate. What bothered me most is I was ever busy and hardly had clip for tiffin but they had clip to take tiffin. At times I felt I was taken advantage of. I was the 1 that organized everyone else s work but neer got the recognition for it. I was an intern so I did nt state much. I merely did what I was told. Initially the last twenty-four hours of my field experience was set for the terminal of February. I realized I exceeded my hours required and needed more clip to work on my documents and school assignment. So, I cut my field experience short by two hebdomads. I think my supervisor was disappointed because the jurisprudence pupils were non to the full trained yet. In my field experience with FJC, I gained a batch of experience. While larning the TROs was a reappraisal for me, larning the FJC s processs took me longer. I was excited to be working with assorted professionals but at the same clip disappointed that I neer got the opportunity to shadow them. I was promised multiple times, nevertheless, it neer happened. I felt like because I was good at what I did, possibly my supervisor needed me for my undertakings. Acerate leaf to state the lone experience I got from this was helping clients with TRO and larning how to coup with self-importances.

O and Tim Blake Nelson Essays

O and Tim Blake Nelson Essays O and Tim Blake Nelson Essay O and Tim Blake Nelson Essay The most obvious difference between the two movies is the settings. Oliver Parker has kept Othello in Venice while Tim Blake Nelson has made a more contemporary setting. Just as the settings of the two movies are drastically different, Othello and Odin appropriately fit into each setting. Oliver Parker’s Othello is an experienced solider who is incredibly mature and aware of himself. He has great trust in Iago and sees him as confidante and wants to hear all of his thoughts. Even though he has this trust in Iago, there is still a distance of leader and servant between the two which is probably why Othello verbally announces his trust in Desdemona. Tim Blake Nelson’s Odin, however embodies a high schooler. Odin is young and seems extremely immature. Odin has complete trust in Hugo and when Hugo suggests watching Desi more closely, he does just that. Instead of having leader and servant relationship, it feels like Odin and Hugo are on equal levels and are friends. Just as their characters are different, Othello and Odin’s reactions to Iago/Hugo are different. When Iago told Othello about his suspicions about Desdemona, Othello holds his appearance. His anger and uncertainty is suppressed because he understands that there might be a misunderstanding. He insists that he does not suspect anything for appearance sake, but in his mind he is having a lot of suspicions. However Odin is close to believing every word Hugo feeds to him and immediately follows his suggestions. After having the idea of adultery in their minds, Othello and Odin start treating Desdemona/Desi differently. Othello still has some trust with Desdemona and mostly keeps his suspicions to himself. He keeps his reservations fairly well hidden. Odin on the other hand is extremely verbal and even acts on his anger. When Michael walks out of the house, he refuses to talk to him which suggests an immaturity which has yet to develop outward courtesy. Odin, in fact, expresses his anger so much that he is insistent on Desi’s unfaithfulness. What puts him over the edge is probably when Michael was asked to replace Odin on the basketball team where Odin promptly throws a couple of punches at Michael, storms out of the court, and slams the door behind him, which shows a lack of discipline, childishness, and the inability to control his emotions. Shakespeare’s plays are open to interpretation and that is perhaps the reason why his plays can has drastically different settings but still convey the same themes and emotions. Oliver Parker introduces us to a well-respected, responsible Othello while Tim Blake Nelson creates a new highly-emotional, highly-mistrustful Odin. While they are the same â€Å"character† they both possess different qualities.

How to Pronounce Vowels in Italian

How to Pronounce Vowels in Italian Italian pronunciation might pose some difficulties for the beginner. Yet it is very regular, and once the rules are understood, it is easy to pronounce each word correctly. Italian vowels (le vocali) are short, clear-cut, and are never drawn out. The glide, with which English vowels frequently end, should be avoided. Finally, it should be noted that the vowels a, i, and u, are always pronounced the same way. E and o, on the other hand, have an open and a closed sound that may vary from. How to Pronounce Vowels A- sounds like a in fatherE- has two sounds: short vowel like e in pen; long vowel, similar to ai in fairI- sounds like ea in tea or i in marineO- has two sounds: like o in cozy or similar to o in costU- sounds like u in rude Tips: Italian vowels are always articulated in a sharp, clear fashion, regardless of stress. They are never slurred or pronounced weakly.Vowels (a,e,i,o,u) always retain their value in diphthongs.Italian is a phonetic language, which means that it is spoken the way it is written. Italian and English share the Latin alphabet, but the sounds represented by the letters often differ considerably in the two languages.    Examples of Vowels a is like a in the English word ah! Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. casa  houseantipasto  appetizerama  lovesbanana  bananasala  hallPapa  Popefama  famepasta  pasta; dough; pastry e is sometimes like e in the English word they (without the final i glide). Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. e  andbeve  drinksme  mefede  faithvede  seesmele  applessete  thirstpepe  pepper e is sometimes like e in the word met. This is the open e. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. à ¨Ã‚  islento  slowbene  wellfesta  party; holidaysedia  chairpresto  soonvento  windtà ¨Ã‚  tea i is like i in machine. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. libri  booksbimbi  childrenvini  winesviolini  violinstini  vatspini  pines o is sometimes like o in the English word oh!. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. o  ordono  giftnome  namesolo  aloneposto  placetondo  roundvolo  flightmondo  world o is sometimes like o in or. This is the open o. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. moda  fashiontoga  togano  nooro  goldposta  mailbrodo  brothcosa  thingtrono  thronerosa  roseolio  oil u is like u in rule. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. luna  moonfungo  mushroomuno  onelungo  longfuga  fuguemulo  muleuso  usetubo  tube

Critique a photography show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique a photography show - Essay Example He was trying to put across excitement. Looking at the way the woman’s hands are spread out, one gets the feeling of balance and exactitude. The woman’s hands are positioned in a way to give her perfect balance as she tackles the wave. Looking at the wave that the woman in the image is riding, one could say that the roughness of the wave is intended to portray challenges and she appears to be taking the wave head on. One could further say that the image portrays one who is facing life’s challenges head-on while knowing full well how to go about it; they have achieved balance in their life. Looking at another image of a lady who is clasping her hands, closing her eyes and tilting her head to the sky as if in prayer, one gets a feeling of innocence. The artist was trying to convey synergy. This can be shown by the simple way the lady is clasping her hands, the simple way she has closed her eyes as she is not doing it forcefully, and the serene environment that seems to surround her. All these coupled with the warm radiant colours of her clothing serve to convey calmness. She seems to be tilting her head to the sky as if seeking something that she knows is there. Looking at another image, this one of a painted man’s face, one gets the feeling that the artist was trying to convey aggression. From the use dark colours to paint his face, and the pattern employed in the painting; diagonally across his face, one gets the feeling that the man is getting ready for combat. From his untidy hair, one gets the feeling that the artist was trying to convey hostility. This is also achieved from the dark colour of his t-shirt. The grey background also adds to the feeling of aggression. In all the three images, the artist has beautifully used colour and shape to put across different emotions that one instantly connects with on examination of the images. The first image seems to

Toyota Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Toyota Case Study - Essay Example Toyota Auris – The Auris represents the second model of energy saving vehicle to be introduced to the UK market by Toyota. Like its predecessor, the Toyota Prius the car makes use of hybrid engine technology to deliver a vehicle with low running costs and other financial benefits such as low tax duties. However, the marketing mix and target audience for the Auris model are slightly different to that of the Prius. Where the Toyota Prius clearly targeted the practical family market, the Auris is a smaller vehicle and targets the compact car market. Despite the fact that the car is a smaller offering than the Toyota Prius, the vehicle is still aimed at the premium end of the segment with models still costing in excess of ?20,000 at the entry level. Like Prius the car targets those who are either environmentally conscious or who are looking for long term low cost motoring. One of the key selling features of the model is the low fuel consumption with a reported MPG of 74.3. When bo th of Toyota’s offerings in the energy saving vehicle market within the UK are considered, the message may ultimately be seen as a similar one. Both cars target those who are environmentally conscious or who are looking for low cost motoring in the long term. However, high initial costs and premium based pricing strategy (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006) ensure that Toyota has maintained its reputation as a supplier of high value premium cars in the UK market. The following tools give a situation analysis with regards to the external environment which may affect the performance of Toyota’s energy saving vehicles in the UK. PESTLE Analysis Political On the whole political changes have been... This essay stresses that despite Toyota’s premium based pricing strategy, the researcher considers that economic performance is likely to worsen in the coming years which may see a greater level of growth in the budget sector. As such, it is recommended that Toyota in the coming years adapt its pricing strategy to one based around a cost leadership model in relation to the environmentally friendly car sector. Here the company should take advantage of the falling costs of technology in its existing models to assist the development of a budget range of cars using exiting hybrid technology. This may give Toyota a significant cost based advantage in comparison to other companies who are still in the expensive R&D stage of the development of energy saving vehicles. This paper makes a conclusion that one of the major advantages seen in the marketing of the Toyota Prius has been the high level of association between the product and role models within society such as Hollywood celebrities. However, as yet Toyota has yet to make official use of such marketing techniques. As such, one recommendation of the report is that Toyota should adapt the promotional element of the marketing mix to make use of celebrity endorsements and other associations which may help to lift sales of both existing and new models. Here the researcher recommends that such changes to the promotional element of the marketing mix should be linked to a web marketing strategy including the use of viral methods and online social networks.